We analyze the performance of source sentence reordering, a common reordering approach, using oracle experiments on German-English and English-German translation. First, we show that the potential of this approach is very promising. Compared to a monotone translation, the optimally reordered source sentence leads to improvements of up to 4.6 and 6.2 BLEU points, depending on the language. Furth...

We present icTCP, an “information and control” TCP implementation that exposes key pieces of internal TCP state and allows certain TCP variables to be set in a safe fashion. The primary benefit of icTCP is that it enables a variety of TCP extensions to be implemented at user-level while ensuring that extensions are TCP-friendly. We demonstrate the utility of icTCP through a collection of case s...

In the networking field, Now a days Wireless Mesh Network(WMNs) is the very easy and low cost way to access the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which is embedded in the Transport layer is responsible to provide internet access to those wireless devices. While handling Traffic in the wireless mesh network, transmission control protocol faces many challenges. Among these challenges,...

Associate to each sequence A of integers (intending to represent packet IDs) a sequence of positive integers of the same length M(A). The i’th entry of M(A) is the size (at time i) of the smallest buffer needed to hold out-of-order packets, where space is accounted for unreceived packets as well. Call two sequences A, B equivalent (written A ≡FB B) if M(A) = M(B). We prove the following result:...

This document specifies an adaptive Non-Congestion Robustness (aNCR) mechanism for TCP. In the absence of explicit congestion notification from the network, TCP uses only packet loss as an indication of congestion. One of the signals TCP uses to determine loss is the arrival of three duplicate acknowledgments. However, this heuristic is not always correct, notably in the case when paths reorder...

This paper presents an analytic model for investigating the throughput, delay and bu er utilization characteristics of partially ordered transport services. We analyze the e ects of packet and ack losses as well as applications' order requirements on overall system performance. The analytic model is veri ed by comparing its results against those of an OPNET simulation model. Analytic results sh...

In network steganography methods based on packet length, the length of the packets is used as a carrier for exchanging secret messages. Existing methods in this area are vulnerable against detections due to abnormal network traffic behaviors. The main goal of this paper is to propose a method which has great resistance to network traffic detections. In the first proposed method, the sender embe...

Satellite communication is well known in providing best services where broadcasting is essential, where terrain is hostile and very sparsely populated. It also has niche where rapid deployment is very critical and important. In Global Network Infrastructure satellite is considered as an inseparable component of the communication infrastructure. A variety of research work has been explored and p...

Aggregating bandwidth from multiple radio access technologies (RATs) provides an opportunity for network providers to enhance network capacity. This is important for serving applications that require more bandwidth than a single RAT can offer. One of the important elements of bandwidth aggregation is the selection of a suitable set of RATs to achieve efficient aggregation. In this paper, we pro...

Global change is impacting plant community composition, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Using a dataset of 58 global experiments, we tested five fundamental change: in evenness and richness, reordering, species gains losses. We found 71% communities were impacted by treatments, 88% that exposed to two or more drivers impacted. Further, all equally likely be affected tre...