5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) are implicated in modulating descending inhibitory pain pathways in the central nervous system. Duloxetine is a selective and potent dual 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). The ability of duloxetine to antagonize 5-HT depletion in para-chloramphetamine-treated rats was comparable with that of paroxetine, a selective serotonin re...

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and prevent. Tempol decreases cellular superoxide radical levels and oxidative stress. The aims of our study were to investigate the analgesic and preventive effects of tempol on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rats and to identify the associated mechanisms of action. Neuropathic pain was induced with intraperitoneally injected ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Celecoxib (CXB) is a widely prescribed COX-2 inhibitor used clinically to treat pain and inflammation. Recently, COX-2 independent mechanisms have been described to be the targets of CXB. For instance, ion channels such as the voltage-gated sodium channel, L-type calcium channel, Kv2.1, Kv1.5, Kv4.3 and HERG potassium channel were all reported to be inhibited by CXB. Our ...

Background. Through real-time behavioral observation systems, pain behaviors are commonly used by clinicians to estimate pain intensity in patients with low back pain. However, little is known about how clinicians rely on pain-related behaviors to make their judgment. According to the Information Integration Theory (IIT) framework, this study aimed at investigating how clinicians value and inte...

Detection of external irritants by head nociceptor neurons has deep evolutionary roots. Irritant-induced aversive behavior is a popular pain model in laboratory animals. It is used widely in the formalin model, where formaldehyde is injected into the rodent paw, eliciting quantifiable nocifensive behavior that has a direct, tissue-injury-evoked phase, and a subsequent tonic phase caused by neur...

BACKGROUND P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), a purinoceptor expressed in activated spinal microglia, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Spinal nerve injury induces up-regulation of P2X4R on activated microglia in the spinal cord, and blockade of this receptor can reduce neuropathic pain. The present study was undertaken to determine whether paroxetine, an inhibitor of P2X4R, could a...

Introduction 308 Significance of the problem 309 Psychological influences on children’s acute pain 309 Developmental considerations 311 Ethnic and cultural considerations 311 Management 312 Preparation 312 Distraction 313 Relaxation 313 Breathing techniques 314 Hypnosis 315 Guided imagery 316 Combined cognitive and behavioral interventions 317 Parental involvement in acute pain management 318 C...

Chronic non-malignant pain is often treated inadequately because of opiophobia. There is no scientific justification for this fear. With close monitoring and frequent controls, opioids are safe for this kind of pain. There is no scientific evidence that patients with chronic non-malignant pain are more prone to addiction or tolerance. It is also pertinent to consider that the endpoint of chroni...

Pain is a major distractor and strongly challenges, not only the patient, but also the treating practitioner to understand what psychological effects are generated. People cope differently with pain especially chronic pain. Enquiry into the patient's personality-based psychological needs at this time of stress and ill health will often give clues as to how they need to change their approach if ...