Objective: To determine the frequency of the C3435T; a single nucleotide polymorphism of the ABCB1 gene for the first time in Pakistani population and compare it with the data available from other populations. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Sampling was carried out at Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from August 2012 to May 2013 and institute of Biomed...

Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has one of the largest number of expatriate workers. Most of them are from Sri-Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines, India and Bangladesh. These countries are considered as endemic areas for intestinal parasites. A total of 2732 stool samples were screened for intestinal parasites. Positive cases were recorded among 407 stool samples (14.9%). The ...

This paper reports on the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment locations as determined by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. Three issues related to post-migration occupation change of return migrants were explored: 1) the comparison of occupational composition in the pre-migration phase with th...

We have studied changes in the birthweight of Asian babies born alive at this hospital between 1968 and 1978. In 1978 Pakistani babies were 139 g heavier but Indian babies only 25 g heavier than 10 years earlier. Contributing to these changes were significantly fewer short mothers and primiparae among Pakistanis, and non-significant increases in gestational age and intrauterine growth (that is,...

This paper examines why fundamental freedoms are so unevenly distributed across the earth. Climato-economic theorizing proposes that humans adapt needs, stresses, and choices of goals, means, and outcomes to the livability of their habitat. The evolutionary process at work is one of collectively meeting climatic demands of cold winters or hot summers by using monetary resources. Freedom is expe...

In Pakistan, snuff, locally known as Naswar, was introduced decades ago, and is usually processed into a loose moist form, its use widespread in the country. The evaluation of carcinogenic risks smokeless tobacco by International Agency on Research for Cancer (IARC) has confirmed that to human main target organ being oral cavity where products are applied locally. So, this study done about snuf...