Please cite this article in press as: Clay, Z., Zu j.anbehav.2009.02.016 When encountering food, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and some other primates produce specific calls, whose acoustic structure covaries with the caller’s food preference. For chimpanzees, there is evidence that listeners use these contingencies to guide their own foraging behaviour. Here, we investigated the vocal behaviou...

Human and non-human animals tend to avoid risky prospects. If such patterns of economic choice are adaptive, risk preferences should reflect the typical decision-making environments faced by organisms. However, this approach has not been widely used to examine the risk sensitivity in closely related species with different ecologies. Here, we experimentally examined risk-sensitive behaviour in c...

Relational reasoning is a hallmark of sophisticated cognition in humans. Does it exist in other primates? Despite some affirmative answers, there appears to be a wide gap in relational ability between humans and other primates--even other apes. Here, we test one possible explanation for this gap, motivated by developmental research showing that young humans often fail at relational reasoning ta...

In the first comparative analysis of its kind, we investigated gesture behavior and response patterns in 25 captive ape mother-infant dyads (six bonobos, eight chimpanzees, three gorillas, and eight orangutans). We examined (i) how frequently mothers and infants gestured to each other and to other group members; and (ii) to what extent infants and mothers responded to the gestural attempts of o...

The divergence of bonobos and three subspecies of the common chimpanzee was examined under a multipopulation isolation-with-migration (IM) model with data from 73 loci drawn from the literature. A benefit of having a full multipopulation model, relative to conducting multiple pairwise analyses between sampled populations, is that a full model can reveal historical gene flow involving ancestral ...

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) confined to the muscle is rare and hard to diagnose. Recently, the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting muscle involvement of PAN has been introduced. We herein report the case of biopsy-proven, refractory PAN confined to the lower limb muscles with enhanced MRI demonstrating discretely granular hyperintensities, which was contrary to previous rep...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the significance of dissection of unsuspicious para-aortic lymph nodes (PAN) in patients with advanced endometrial carcinomas with intra- or extra-abdominal metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective comparison of the results of PAN dissection versus non-dissection for endometrial carcinomas with macroscopic metastatic lesions...

The responses of (i) groups of crowd-reared mature males of desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria to a choice of two columns of air, one permeated with different concentrations of phenylacetonitrile (PAN), the major component of gregarious-phase male-produced pheromone, and the other untreated, and (ii) individual crowd-reared mature males of the insect to varying concentration gradients of PAN,...

Pan 1 is an acidic outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is expressed only when gonococci are grown anaerobically. On silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, Pan 1 migrates as an intense but diffuse 54-kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pan 1 from the aniA (anaerobically induced protein) open reading frame reveals a lipoprotein consensus sequence, ...