A uniform system of genetic nomenclature for parasitic nematodes is presented. Conventions for naming strains, genes, alleles, and loci identified as DNA polymorphisms are established, and a standardized system for naming molecular clones is proposed.

Spatial patterns of Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Helicotylenchus dihystera, and Criconemella ornata were analyzed using Hill's two-term local quadrat variance method (TTLQV), spectral analysis, and spatial correlation. Data were collected according to a systematic grid sampling plan from seven tobacco fields in North Carolina. Different estimates of nematode cluster size we...

In a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with agricultural crops in nine Maine counties, 744 soil samples from 26 potential host plants were analyzed between November 1987 and January 1989. The most commonly encountered nematode genus was Pratylenchus, occurring in 85% of the samples from most crops, except blueberries and onions. Pratylenchus penetrans and P. crenatus were found com...

T helper (Th) cells produce signature cytokine patterns, induced largely by intracellular versus extracellular pathogens that provide the cellular and molecular basis for counter regulatory expression of protective immunity during concurrent infections. The production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, for example, resulting from exposure to many bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens is responsible fo...

Nematodes can be free-living or parasitic in nature. Infections with parasitic nematodes that directly or indirectly affect the health and productivity of humans and livestock have been the subject of scientific studies for decades. Overall, the treatment and control of nematode parasites are limited and dependent on single or repeated administration of anthelmintics, a strategy that has led to...

Introduction Nematodes are tiny, worm-like, multicellular animals adapted to living in water. The number of nematode species is estimated at half a mil lion, many of which are “free-living” types found in the oceans, in freshwater habitats, and in soils. Plant-parasitic species form a smaller group. Nematodes are common in soils all over the world (Dropkin, 1980; Yepsen, 1984). As a commentator...

Soil-transmitted helminths are parasitic nematodes that inhabit the human intestine. These parasites, which include two hookworm species, Ancylostomaduodenale and Necator americanus, the whipworm Trichuristrichiura, and the large roundworm Ascarislumbricoides, infect upwards of two billion people and are a major cause of disease burden in children and pregnant women. The challenge with treating...