<span>Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is the most widely used soft computing algorithm in photovoltaic systems to address partial shading conditions (PSC). The success of PSO run heavily depends on initial population size (NP). A higher NP increases probability a global peak (GP) solution, but at expense longer convergence time. To find optimal value NP, trade-off typically made between...

Electrical energy usage has drastically increased in recent decades, resulting significant demand for renewable sources, especially solar. With the development of technology, extracting from photovoltaic (PV) modules become easier and more economical. The performance PV array decreases under an intermittent environment such as partial shading conditions (PSCs), causing fluctuations power output...

We present a new method for the detection and estimation of multiple directional illuminants, using a single image of any object with known geometry and Lambertian reflectance. We use the resulting highly accurate estimates to modify virtually the illumination and geometry of a real scene and produce correctly illuminated Augmented Reality images. Our method obviates the need to modify the imag...

Under partial shading conditions, photovoltaic (PV) arrays are subjected to different irradiance levels caused by nonuniform shading. As a result, mismatch between the modules, reduction in power generated, and hotspot phenomenon will be observed. One method reduce losses is reconfigure total-cross-tied (TCT) array dynamic static forms, where improved performance can achieved through more effic...