Whilst formal methods can make valuable contributions to system specification, structured methodologies are seen as more appropriate for commercial systems development, particularly user involvement. This paper investigates the applicability of Z to MERISE, the French structured methodology, recommending the adoption of a formal link between the two, an integration procedure proposed by Semmens...

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the male and female students' learning styles of classroom participation and these styles' differences between Humanities and Science majors. METHOD 1039 individuals were selected through the proportional stratified random sampling method among undergraduate and graduate students in Humanities (n=421) and Science (n=618) faculties of Tehran Univers...

In computer-participative multimedia applications, the computer not only manipulates media, but also digests it and performs independent actions based on media content. In this report I discuss an approach to the design of environments to support the development of computer-participative multimedia applications and I describe the implementation of the VuSystem, a computer-participative multimed...

A raft of United Nations Treaties, European Union Directives and domestic laws oblige governments in 180 + countries to apply the Participative Democratic Model of mainstreaming equalities to public administration by involving those targeted by equality initiatives at all stages in their design and delivery. Notwithstanding Participative Democratic Model's deeply political nature, extant work h...

participative management tries to help organizations to meet their goals and satisfy stakeholders to reach their purposes, and one of its subsystems is suggestion system which is a form of employee – to – management communication that benefit employees as well as employers. in iran and in relation to establishing participative management, the management and planning organization asked public or...

one of main goals of urban officials is encouraging and promoting social participation among citizens. this is so, because both reduce costs and can be a base for self-fulfillment and empowerment among citizens. but, like other actions, measuring participative actions has some difficulties. the main difficulty is about measuring that part of social action which occurs in actor’s mind. this part...

This paper describes the design of a real world data acquisition system used by ecologists monitoring the environmental evolution of coastal wetlands. In this paper, we describe how field studies, interviews, low fidelity prototypes and pilot studies both informed and misinformed the design of a data collection tool. To fully expose the process and lessons learned, we first describe our design ...

With the advent of the participative Web, digital document readers gain in expressiveness. Annotations systems enables them to comment, to rephrase, to criticize, etc. passages from any document. IR approaches that considered document contents only nowadays tend to exploit this participative dimension of the Web. Readers’ activity (annotations and related debates) may notably improve IR recall ...