We reveal that the transition in the saturated flux for aeolian saltation is generically discontinuous by explicitly simulating particle motion in turbulent flow in two dimensions. The discontinuity is followed by a coexistence interval with two metastable solutions. We found also that the mere presence of mid-air collisions, surprisingly, enhances the saturated flux, which has a peak for an in...

niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential applications in the delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. the topical form of n-acetyl glucosamine (nag) recently has been considered in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders due to its inhibitory effect on thyrosinase enzymes in melanocytes. to improve nag penetration into the skin we formulated the drug in niosomes...

We reveal that the transition in the saturated flux for aeolian saltation is generically discontinuous by explicitly simulating particle motion in turbulent flow. This is the first time that a jump in the saturated flux has been observed. The discontinuity is followed by a coexistence interval with two metastable solutions. The modification of the wind profile due to momentum exchange exhibits ...

Let rh be the symmetric nearest neighbor simple exclusion process on 7Z 3 modified to allow the spontaneous creation and destruction of particles at the origin. We study the invariant measures for the system in this non-equilibrium situation, for which a net current of particles flows from the origin. We analyze the n-point correlations of the invariant measures, which for n = 2 behave like max...

We review the calculation of the prompt lepton flux, produced in the atmosphere by the semileptonic decay of charmed particles. We describe side by side the intermediary ingredients used by different authors, which include not only the charm production model, but also other atmospheric particle showering parameters. After evaluating separately the relevance of each single ingredient, we analyze...

Diffusion equations are mathematical models which explain how the concentration of one or more substances distributed in space is altered by a diffusion process which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space. For a normal diffusion process, the flux of particles into one region must be the sum of particle flux flowing out of the surrounding regions. From Fick’s first law, thi...

We report a fast neutron and gamma induced radiation dose and flux monitoring study during the nano-particle production at the proton beam irradiation facility. The monitoring results will be used for understanding of the activation of irradiated samples and the effect to the nano-particle production. A cylindrical shape of BC523A liquid scintillator was used for the fast neutron and gamma moni...

When a quantum particle is confined between two impenetrable concentric cylindrical walls, threaded by a magnetic flux tube along their common axis, its energy spectrum presents a dependence on the flux. This is the so-called bound state Aharonov-Bohm effect [1]. A gravitational analogue of this effect, with a cosmic string replacing the flux tube, has been studied in references [2, 3]. This is...

Detailed numerical flow and radionuclide simulations are used to predict the flux of radionuclides from three underground nuclear tests located in the Climax granite stock on the Nevada Test Site. The numerical modeling approach consists of both a regional-scale and local-scale flow model. The regional-scale model incorporates conceptual model uncertainty through the inclusion of five models of...

We investigate experimentally the influence of a background rotation on the energy transfers in decaying grid turbulence. The anisotropic energy flux density F(r) = <δu(δu)²>, where δu is the vector velocity increment over separation r, is determined for the first time by using particle image velocimetry. We show that rotation induces an anisotropy of the energy flux ∇·F, which leads to an anis...