Anatase-to-rutile phase transformation was studied in milled and unmilled samples. Ball milling was carried out in two types of ball mills, planetary and tumbler, with a ball-to-powder ratio of 40:1 over 2-48 hours. First, the unmilled samples &#10were heated in the furnace at various temperatures for different periods of time. The results revealed that the anatase-to-rutile transformation comp...

The kinetics and mechanism of bainite transformation have been studied in Fe-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-C steel high speed dilatometry backed by thermodynamic analysis. The complete transformation of austenite, however, has not occurred at any reported temperature. Obtained results confirm the incomplete reaction phenomenon with the cessation of the bainite transformation well before the paraequilibrium is ach...

Abstract Railway wheels in service experience rolling contact fatigue loading, but also need to resist frictional heating on braking, yielding temperatures up 500 °C. The combination of mechanical and thermal loads leads changes the properties material. focus this study is investigate effect annealing local microstructure residual stresses railway wheel pearlitic steel (medium carbon steels, ~0...

Assessing the local residual stress and orientation with nanometer resolution within embedded steel grains has remained challenging. Here we use an advanced synchrotron technique, dark field X-ray microscopy to map 3D lattice variations, including both crystallographic strain, two pro-eutectoid ferrite in pearlitic steel. We found variation up 0.5° compressive elastic strain 1.8 × 10?3 are pres...

background: a highly efficient genetic transformation system is essential for a successful genetic manipulation of the african violet (saintpaulia ionantha wendl.).objectives: developing a particle bombardment-based genetic transformation system for the african violet.materials and methods: a local cultivar of the african violet from guilan province was used for transformation experiments. the ...

The evolution of deformation from plasticity to localization damage is investigated in ferritic-pearlitic steel through nanometer-resolution microstructure-correlated SEM-DIC (µ-DIC) strain mapping, enabled highly accurate microstructure-to-strain alignment. We reveal the key mechanisms ferrite and pearlite as well their into relation microstructural arrangement. Notably, two contrasting were i...

The mechanics of the cutting process on the microscopic level differ fundamentally from the conventional macro cutting. For example, the tool edge radius influences the cutting mechanism in micro machining significantly with regard to the effective rake angle, the minimum chip thickness, the dominance of ploughing, and the related elasto-plastic deformation of the workpiece material. These phen...

Abstract Thermal conductivity is an important property for many iron cast components, and the lack of widely accepted thermal model iron, especially grey motivates efforts in this research area. The present study contributes to understanding effects alloy microstructure has on conductivity. A a pearlitic been proposed, based as-cast composition microstructural parameters obtained at different s...