BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can either promote angiogenesis (i.e., the formation of new blood vessels) in tumors by secreting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or inhibit angiogenesis by producing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which in turn stimulates production of the antiangiogenic protein plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2). We...

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme in dysregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, and hence serotonin availability in chronic mild stress (CMS), an animal model of depression. METHODS RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS: two control and CMS-exposed for 6 weeks, and another three group...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines which plays a central role in host defense and in the acute inflammatory response related to tissue injury. The major source of TNF-alpha are immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative, down-regulates proinflammatory cyto...

objective(s): 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) is one of the most popular drugs of abuse in the world with hallucinogenic properties that has been shown to induce apoptosis in  liver cells. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (ptx) on liver damage induced by acute administration of mdma in wistar rat. materials and methods: animals were administered with...

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a clinical syndrome characterized by jaundice and liver failure that develops in subjects with chronic and active alcohol abuse [1]. The shortterm mortality in patients with severe disease, as defined by the Maddrey’s discriminant function, exceeds 30% [2]. Up to now, only two drugs, prednisolone and pentoxifylline, have shown some efficacy for the treatment of this ...

The structure of the title compound, pentoxifylline, C(13)H(18)N(4)O(3), has been previously characterized as a triclinic polymorph [Pavelčík et al. (1989 ▶). Acta Cryst. C45, 836-837]. We have discovered the monoclinic form. There are no strong hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure, rather, moderate C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present, which serve to stabilize the three-dimensional architecture.

Late or chronic fibrosis of soft tissues represents a serious and common complication of radiation therapy in the treatment of malignancy.1,2 Few treatment modalities exist for managing RIF.2 Pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication, is one of the first medications available in the US th...