The effect of trade liberalisation on environmental conditions has yielded significant debate in the energy economics literature. Although research on the relationship between energy consumption, emissions and economic growth is not new in South Africa, no study specifically addresses the role that South Africa's foreign trade plays in this context. A surprising fact given trade is one of the m...

Governance is a way of exercising power in economic and social resource management of a country. Good governance criteria have different weights and relation with regard to the conditions and information of any country. This study is a descriptive survey and has been carried out to calculate the coefficients and weights of each indicator of good governance in Mena countries and identification o...

T his paper is to study the convergence of per capita income. Convergence clubs hypothesis is one of the forms of convergence hypotheses, implying that countries with the same initial level of economic development, technology, and government policies, tend to be similar in per capita income and thus have a tendency to cluster around a small number of poles. In order to test the hypot...

This paper reassesses the causes and nature of economic growth in Europe from 1200 to 1900. Employing a comprehensive dataset that includes biogeographic features and urbanization data (1200-1800), per capita income data in the second half of the 19th century, location of protoindustrial centers and political institutions, it shows that the initial economic take-off (and of a growing economic d...

China has the highest pork consumption in the world. As incomes increase and the urbanization process accelerates, the consumption of pork by Chinese residents will continue to grow. This paper studies the proportion of the household pork consumption account and examines the use of apparent pork consumption as a bridge that links consumption and production. Based on the pork consumption of urba...

A multi-country Schumpeterian growth model is constructed. Because of technology transfer, all R&D-performing countries converge to parallel growth paths. All other countries stagnate. Any parameter change that would have raised a country’s growth rate in standard Schumpeterian theory will permanently raise its productivity and per-capita income relative to other countries and raise the world g...

Cross-country data on energy consumption, GDP and vulnerability are used to measure percentage changes in vulnerability associated with percentage changes in per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption. Energy consumption, through its nonlinear effects on per capita income, have the effect of reducing a country’s overall vulnerability to climate change by a greater amount at moderate incom...