is increased rate of metabolism of a drug after it has been given; the drug has increased the activity of the gene that controls its metabolizing enzyme. Another example: an alcoholic is a person whose original consumption of alcohol has affected a gene in the brain that affects the wish to drink more of it. Since innumerable internal and environmental factors may affect gene expression, a pers...

Scientific breakthroughs bring new opportunities to address disease and improve health outcomes for many communities in many parts of the world. Frequently, however, these advances come at an increased cost, and some communities do not benefit from the improvements in healthcare and health outcomes. Furthermore, manymedicines do not effectively treat some patients or are even harmful, as illust...

Personalized medicine is the tailoring of therapies to defined subsets of patients based on their likelihood to respond to therapy or their risk of adverse events. The advent of improved genomic tools has greatly hastened our understanding of the molecular pathology of diseases, enabling us to redefine disease at the molecular level. The development of molecularly targeted therapies, coupled wi...

Pharmacogenetics is a newer branch of pharmacological sciences studying the relationship between genetic predisposition of an individual and his ability to metabolize a drug. It helps understand why some individuals respond to drugs and others do not, why some individuals require higher or lower doses to achieve an optimal therapeutic response, and tries to help the physician identify those pat...

This paper introduces the concept of personalized physiological medicine that is specifically directed at the needs of the critically ill patient. This differs from the conventional view of personalized medicine, characterized by biomarkers and gene profiling, instead focusing on time-variant changes in the pathophysiology and regulation of various organ systems and their cellular and subcellul...

Deconstruction of molecular pathways and advances in enabling technology platforms have opened new horizons for disease management, exploring therapeutic solutions to each individual patient beyond the one-size fits all practice. Application of personalized medicine paradigms aims to achieve the right diagnosis and right treatment for the right patient at the right time at the right cost. With ...

The hypothesis of each individual being special and different leading to heterogenity of diseases sets the ground for the concept of personalized medicine. Personalized psychiatry follows the principles of personalized medicine. A constituent part of an individually adapted approach towards the psychiatric patient presents itself thorough personalized psychiatry. The development of pharmacogeno...

The microbiome is a complex community of Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses that infect humans and live in our tissues. It contributes the majority of genetic information to our metagenome and, consequently, influences our resistance and susceptibility to diseases, especially common inflammatory diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Here we discuss how...

Allergic disease is among the most common pathologies worldwide and its prevalence has constantly increased up to the present days, even if according to the most recent data it seems to be slightly slowing down. Allergic disease has not only a high rate of misdiagnosis and therapeutic inefficacy, but represents an enormous, resource-absorbing black hole in respiratory and general medicine. The ...