Nonindependent evolution of duplicated genes is called concerted evolution. In this article, we study the evolutionary process of duplicated regions that involves concerted evolution. The model incorporates mutation and gene conversion: the former increases d, the divergence between two duplicated regions, while the latter decreases d. It is demonstrated that the process consists of three phase...

We attempt to document complete energetic transactions of stars in their life. We calculate photon and neutrino energies that are produced from stars in their each phase of evolution from 1 to 8M⊙, using the state-of-the-art stellar evolution code, tracing the evolution continuously from pre-main sequence gravitational contraction to white dwarfs. We also catalogue gravitational and thermal ene...

Contour extraction of image stacks is a basic task in medical modeling. The existing level-set methods usually suffer from some problems (e.g. serious errors around sharp features, incorrect split of topology and contour occlusions). This paper proposes a novel method of multi-constraint level-set evolution to avoid above-mentioned problems. Interpolation constraint and deviation constraint are...

the aim of this paper is to minimize output phase noise for the pure signal synthesis in the frequency synthesizers. for this purpose, first, an exact mathematical model of phase locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is described and analyzed. then, an exact closed-form formula in terms of synthesizer bandwidth and total output phase noise is extracted. based on this formula, the phase ...

Formation of asphaltene deposition during oil production, processing and synthesis is known as a fundamental problem of petroleum reservoir worldwide. Asphaltene is a petroleum fraction that can lead to increasing the operating costs in these industries. Variations in operational pressure, temperature and fluid composition are generally the significant cause of asphaltene precipitation. In ...

Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian schists have been occurred in southwest of Zanjan city from the Soltanieh belt. The Soltanieh belt in northwest of Iran is uplifted basement of Precambrian-Paleozoic in main central Iran zone and includes outcrops of Precambrian, Paleozoic and Mesozoic Formations. Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian schists, the oldest stratigraphy unit in the region, consist o...

the synthesis of nb doped batio3 has been investigated under microwave-hydrothermal (mh) conditions in the temperature of 150°c for only 2 h using c16h36o4ti, bah2o2.8h2o and nbcl5 as ba, ti and  nb sources, respectively.  typical experiments performed on mh processing have not yet reported for nb doped batio3.  in the mh process, the formation of high purity nano tetragonal nb-batio3 was stron...