The aim of this study was to determine the effects phenolic substances in different plants (mulberry, apple, walnut and plum) on hemocyte counts antioxidant enzyme activities Hyphantria cunea larvae infected with granulovirus (HycuGV) uninfected. In study, contents plant materials were firstly determined. Then, these ingredients uninfected As a result all groups increased infection activity, ph...

The contribution of adaptive mechanisms in maintaining genetic polymorphisms is still debated in many systems. To understand the contribution of selective factors in maintaining polymorphism, we investigated large-scale (>1000 km) geographic variation in morph frequencies and fitness-related physiological traits in the damselfly Nehalennia irene. As fitness-related physiological traits, we inve...

The quinone-tanning hypothesis for insect cuticle sclerotization proposes that N-acylcatecholamines are oxidized by a phenoloxidase to quinones and quinone methides, which serve as electrophilic cross-linking agents to form covalent cross-links between cuticular proteins. We investigated model reactions for protein cross-linking that occurs during insect cuticle sclerotization using recombinant...

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which had been injected with chitin at 4, 6 and 8 microg g(-1) or chitosan at 2, 4 and 6 microg g(-1), were challenged with pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus at 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp(-1) and then placed in seawater of 34 per thousand. The survival of shrimp that received chitin or chitosan at either dose was significantly higher than that of...

Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (13–16 g) were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a dose of 2 10 colony-forming units (cfu) abalone 1 previously incubated in TSBmedium for 24 h, then placed in water having concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) at 7.70, 5.61, 3.57 and 2.05 mg l . Onset of mortality occurred after 6-h exposure to 2.05 mg l 1 DO, and after 12-h exposure t...

Environmental temperature has important effects on the physiology and life history of ectothermic animals, including investment in the immune system and the infectious capacity of pathogens. Numerous studies have examined individual components of these complex systems, but little is known about how they integrate when animals are exposed to different temperatures. Here, we use the Indian meal m...

How much should an individual invest in immunity as it grows older? Immunity is costly and its value is likely to change across an organism's lifespan. A limited number of studies have focused on how personal immune investment changes with age in insects, but we do not know how social immunity, immune responses that protect kin, changes across lifespan, or how resources are divided between thes...

Hemocytes and the (prophenol-) phenoloxidase system constitute the immediate innate immune system in insects. These components of insect immunity are present at any post-embryonic life stage without previous infection. Differences between individuals and species in these immune parameters can reflect differences in infection risk, life expectancy, and biological function. In honeybees which sho...