As part of the French national cohort ELFE, a two-year longitudinal study was conducted and children’s literacy skills were assessed twice ( N = 2,767), namely at end preschool (t1) Grade 1 (t2). At t1, letter-name knowledge (LNK), phonological (PhoSk) vocabulary t2, phonemic segmentation, word reading, listening reading comprehension. Latent profile analyses t2 resulted in five profiles, rangi...