People typically choose pleasure over pain. But how do they know which of these their choices will entail? The brain generates mental simulations (previews) of future events, which produce affective reactions (premotions), which are then used as a basis for forecasts (predictions) about the future event's emotional consequences. Research shows that this process leads to systematic errors of pre...

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome—the ends justify the means. Utility — the good to be maximized — has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus sadness or pain), ...

Generally speaking, there exist two basic ways to describe a physical problem [1]: (1) by differential equations (DE) with boundary or initial conditions; (2) by variational principles (VP). The VP model has many advantages over its DE partner: simple and compact in form while comprehensive in content, encompassing implicitly almost all information characterizing the problem under consideration...

I would recommend this text as a useful one to the serious Biology student. It might also prove to be helpful to medical students as a rapid review or to provide basic information missed in their undergraduate training. In addition to the above recommendations, this volume has a function that may be valuable in the future. There is a tendency in some modern medical Physiology texts to start a s...

Sexual pleasure is best attained through facilitating access to the highest standard of health. Today global data show a persistent high burden sexual health issues. Yet, remains sensitive, stigmatized, and unspoken topic in healthcare services. This article examines how incorporate value for into services, grounded assumption that fundamental reason why people have sex acknowledging this can s...

Piercings (body art, i.e., with jewelry) are more and more widespread. They can induce various complications such as infections, allergies, headaches, and various skin, cartilage, or dental problems, and represent a public health problem. We draw attention to possible side effects resulting from face piercing complications observed on four young adults such as eye misalignment, decreased postur...

Despite its early origins and adaptive functions, empathy is not inevitable; people routinely fail to empathize with others, especially members of different social or cultural groups. In five experiments, we systematically explore how social identity, functional relations between groups, competitive threat, and perceived entitativity contribute to intergroup empathy bias: the tendency not only ...