Soy-protein isolate (SPI) was used to prepare non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) thermosetting adhesives for wood panels by reacting it with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and hexamethylene diamine. Both linear as well branched oligomers were obtained identified, indicating how such oligomer structures could further cross-link form a hardened network. Unusual observed, namely carbamic acid-derived ur...

A novel theory of acoustics in solar energy supporting the principle of source and sink of solar energy is presented. The significance of the theory is in ascertaining the aftermaths of turning off solar energy. An amplifier constituting of a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer is illustrated. It was constructed with a pair of glass coated photovoltaic modules and po...

Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins are widely used as wood adhesives in the industrial production of exterior-grade plywood panels, oriented strand board panels and particleboards due to their superior performance including high bonding strength, heat resistance, excellent water resistance and chemical stability1. However, phenol, one raw material for the synthesis of PF resins, is a petroleum-bas...