This study focuses on the capacity of the Internet for strengthening political activism. The first part summarizes debates about these issues in the previous literature. This study starts from the premise that political activism is a multidimensional phenomenon and that we need to understand how different channels of participation relate to the social and political characteristics of the online...

Does the presence of an armed actor change the nature of political participation? Democratic states that experience internal conflict continue to hold elections and debates over policy, as well as effect peaceful transfers of power among successive governments. A reified distinction between “violence” and “politics” in the study of political violence and civil war has prevented scholars from co...

having a deep underestanding of despotism, ayatollah taleghani developed a shura-based system to secure the rights and the political participation of people. shura, including rural councils, provincial councils, and the islamic consultative assembly, is religiously based on traditions and quranic verses which allow the people to proceed towards high humanitarian and social goals. to compare shu...