Recent research indicates that bottom-up EU politicization shapes top-down policy enforcement, yet leaves open questions on the pervasiveness of these effects in areas are depoliticized by design. This contribution asks how societal shaped enforcement Stability and Growth Pact up until its COVID-19-induced suspension. It employs causal process-tracing to analyse fiscal rule under varying levels...

Abstract Since the Lisbon Treaty, European Parliament (EP) has considerably increased its competencies in Union (EU) trade policy. At same time, a ‘new generation’ of free agreements (FTAs), including Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with United States, Comprehensive Economic Agreement (CETA) Canada, agreement Japan, have been negotiated by Commission. Although existing lit...

cet article a pour objectif de montrer que le traducteur outre ses connaissances linguistiques et culturelles a besoin de moyens extérieurs ou d’instruments pour résoudre les problèmes de la traduction. nous allons commencer par les désigner et ensuite étudier les qualités et les défauts de chaque outil. pour cela nous ferons une comparaison entre le dictionnaire unilingue et bilingue. par la s...