Due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and motorization, a large number of Chinese cities are affected by heavy air pollution. In order to explore progress, remaining challenges, and sustainability of air pollution control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region after 2013, a mixed method analysis was undertaken. The quantitative analysis comprised an overview of air quality management ...

pricing for an insurance policy can be described as the process of calculation of expectedcompensation to be paid to property losers as well as associated costs of potential risks. loss forecast isaccurate if the risks will be identified appropriately in order to calculate the frequency and expected severityof losses.this is particularly important about environmental risks since most of them ap...

swelling urban populations and increasing number of industry and especially automobiles in and around cities have resulted in adverse effect on human health. one of the most important things regarding air pollution in these days is that the number of motor vehicles has increased, and the resulting problems of new types of air pollution on large scale need to be emphasized in large cities.the gr...

One of the most important issues in today&rsquos urban world is increasing use of cars and its noise pollution, which is now one of the most important affecting pollutants on health and quality of lives of residents in urban areas. Noise pollution effects on various aspects of human and the community health as well as the high cost of treatment, thus more studies in this field is needed. Hence ...

IN T R O D U C T IO N In recent years there has been a growing concern about the rapidly deteriorating environment in the urban areas of this country in terms of air, water, and noise pollution. Automobile transportation has been found to be a significant factor in the deterioration of the urban environment, particularly in regard to air pollution. In general, con­ sidering the total tonnage of...

conclusions since traffic noise pollution is a high cost for tabriz residents, extensive preventive measures and comprehensive control programs by managers and city authorities as unavoidable necessities are suggested. the measures have to be taken by urban managers and decision-makers to reduce the health impact of traffic noise on tabriz residents. background noise pollution is one of the mos...

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation generates benefits and costs from water quality improvements, which are rarely quantified. This analysis examines a TMDL written to address bacteria and aquatic-life-use impairments on Abrams and Opequon Creeks in Virginia. Benefits were estimated using a contingent valuation survey of local residents. Costs were based on the number and type of bes...

exhaust emissions contribute greatly to air pollution, the social cost of which may occur as danger to human health, attracting huge medical expenses, causing absenteeism and hence loss of productivity. these are incentives to reduce exhaust emissions to the barest minimum. two major cities in ghana, accra and kumasi, are struck by vehicular traffic jams especially during rush-hours and are gra...

It is shown in this paper that the estimates of technical efficiency, scale economies, and the shadow prices of bad outputs for polluting firms in India are sensitive to the specification of technologies and environmental regulation. The output and input distance functions with the assumption of weak disposability of bad outputs account for the effect of environmental regulation on the producti...

We consider a game between two polluting firms and an inspection agency, which can inspect ambient pollution levels before inspecting individual firms, but without committing itself to announced inspection probabilities. Without ambient inspections, we have a unique equilibrium. With ambient inspections, we obtain several equilibria, depending on the relative values of the environmental cost of...