BACKGROUND Channelopathies, defined as diseases that are caused by mutations in genes encoding ion channels, are associated with a wide variety of symptoms and have been documented extensively over the past decade. In contrast, despite the important role of chloride in serum, textbooks in general do not allocate chapters exclusively on hypochloremia or hyperchloremia and information on chloride...

In this paper, the influence of fly ash content on concrete surface chloride concentration was investigated through periodical tests of surface chloride concentration of concrete by immersing three kinds of concrete specimens in 5.0 wt.% sodium chloride solution. One kind of specimen is common concrete without fly ash, whereas the other two kinds of specimens are mixed with fly ash. The results...

In the title mol-ecular salt [systematic name: 3-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclo-hepten-5-yl-idene)-N,N-dimethyl-propan-aminium chloride], C(20)H(22)N(+)·Cl(-), two cation-anion pairs make up the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the two fused benzene rings of the cation are 49.5 (1) and 50.9 (1)°. The cystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯Cl int...

IN THE TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: 3-(10,10-dimethyl-anthracen-9-yl-idene)-N,N,N-trimethyl-propanaminium chlor-ide], C(21)H(26)N(+)·Cl(-), the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the terminal benzene rings is 40.43 (12)°. In the crystal, ions are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming supra-molecular layers parallel to...

Single crystals of the title salt, C21H21NH(+)·Cl(-), were isolated as a side product from the reaction involving [(C6H5CH2)3NH]2[HPO4] and Sn(CH3)3Cl in ethanol. Both the cation and the anion are situated on a threefold rotation axis. The central N atom in the cation has a slightly distorted tetra-hedral environment, with angles ranging from 107.7 to 111.16 (10)°. In the crystal, the tri-benzy...

Human toxicity High NaCl intake without corresponding intake of water can lead to hypernatremia: the ratio of sodium to water exceeds normal, and both the plasma sodium concentration and the total body sodium increase. Consequently, the balance of extracellular and intracellular osmolality is disturbed, which can result in several clinical symptoms, like excessive thirst, weakness, headache, ir...

In the title salt, C(14)H(16)N(+)·Cl(-), the complete cation and complete anion are generated by the application of mirror symmetry. The mol-ecule is nonplanar, as seen in the dihedral angle between the terminal phenyl rings [70.92 (5)°]. In the crystal, N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving both aza-nium H atoms link the ions into a zigzag supra-molecular chain along [100].