A flow injection method is reported for the determination of ascorbic acid based on amperometric detection, using a cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoPc) modified graphite-epoxy electrode. The amperometric respons was evaluated with regard to pH, ionic strength of the electrolyte, flow rate of the carrier solution, injected sample volume and conditioning time of the electrode. The limit of detec...

The generation and detection of terahertz ~THz! radiation using ultrashort optical pulses has been intensively studied during the last decade. The pulse width of commercially available mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers is approaching 10 fs. With such ultrashort pulses, a wider detection bandwidth is expected to be possible. Coherent detection of THz radiation based on a photoconductive ~PC! antenn...

Kappa-casein (κ-casein) is one of the most abundant milk proteins. Its main function is to avoid the aggregation of casein micelles, keeping them, and therefore calcium phosphate, in pockets in solution. In bovines, a κ-casein functional polymorphism has been associated with fat, calcium, and protein milk contents and faster curd contraction in cheese production. Quicker curd contraction reduce...

Detection techniques based on the absence of any knowledge of the received carrier phase are referred to as non-coherent detection techniques. The optimum receiver under such a scenario is well known to be a structure that incorporates a form of square-law detection. This demodulation through M matched filters, where each one corresponds to the transmitted base band signals, the decision variab...

Coherent M-PSK reception in M-PSK receivers is achieved through use of two main PLLs (Phase Lock Loops): the carrier synchronization PLL (carrier PLL for short) and the symbol timing synchronization PLL (symbol PLL for short). An SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) estimation module is also typically present in the receiver. In this paper we shall present an overview of contemporary coherent M-PSK rece...