Several encapsulated single Germanium detectors have been mounted in one unit and integrated in a cryostat, in order to build efficient spectrometers to detect γ radiation emitted by nuclei excited in nuclear reactions. This kind of crystal encapsulation offer advantages compared to standard set-up of HPGedetectors. The basic aim of the following work is to develop a new capsule technology, in ...

this study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with its impact on fossil fuel generators and their generation management. wind power as environmental friendly energy source can reduce the operational cost of the system due to considering no cost for energizing the generator in comparing with fossil fuel generators. however due to unpredictable nature...

Although technological progress has lowered the cost of solar and wind to make renewable energy competitive with fossil fuels on a levelized-cost basis, supply of these resources is highly variable and inelastic, which contrasts with elastic, stable and controllable supply from traditional power plants. As a result, the cost of flat retail pricing in comparison to dynamic, marginal-cost retail ...

Embedded networks of sensors and actuators must operate at extremely low power and use inexpensive singleantenna transceivers. The economics of such systems preclude the use of complex signal processing or antenna arrays at any one device. However, the same economics allows the coverage area to be blanketed with a high density of devices which results in a rich spatial diversity. This spatial d...

The Economics of a cogeneration system for district heating and cooling (CGS) depend not only on the exergetic efficiencies of generating heat and power, but also on various other factors such as the capacity factor, the construction cost of the CGS, and the annual cost rate for the construction cost. One of economic difficulties of a CGS constructed in Japan lies in the fact that capacity fact...

Agent-based computational economics (ACE) has received increased attention and importance over recent years. Some researchers have attempted to develop an agent-based model of the stock market to investigate the behavior of investors and provide decision support for innovation of trading mechanisms. However, challenges remain regarding the design and implementation of such a model, due to the c...