UNLABELLED Many hormonal modalities are available for breast cancer treatment, such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), aromatase inhibitors, progestins and luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists. The long-term impact of these endocrine manipulations is an issue, because the duration of adjuvant treatment is still increasing, as is the number of breast cancer surv...

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a debilitating condition characterized by fractures, pain and premature death. Risk factors for osteoporosis predict the risk of fragility fractures. AIM To describe the occurrence of risk factors for osteoporosis among populations in Nuuk, the capital of Greenland. METHODS A random sample of women born in 1934-42, 1945-47, 1956, and men born in 1956 were selected...

Concern has been raised over chemical-induced disruption of ovary development during fetal life resulting in long-lasting consequences only manifesting themselves much later during adulthood. A growing body of evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to the mild analgesic acetaminophen/paracetamol can cause such a scenario. Therefore, in this review, we discuss three recent reports that collect...

As the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator is an integrator of hormonal, metabolic, and neural signals, it is not surprising that the function of the hypothalamogonadal axis is subject to the influence of a large array of environmental factors. Before puberty, the central nervous system (CNS) restrains the GnRH pulse generator. Undernutrition, low socioeconomic st...

objective: the aim of this study was to determine the symptoms associated with menopause among women referred to menopause clinic of tehran women general hospital. materials and methods: in this cross sectional study which has been done between january 2011 and january 2012, in  menopause clinic of tehran women's general hospital 134 women were studied. for each woman a questionnaire was comple...

ThearticlebyGeorgakis et al in this issueof JAMAPsychiatry1 is a meta-analysis of 14 observational studies addressing the associationofdepressionaftermenopause inwomenwithboth ageatmenopauseanddurationof the reproductiveperiod.Age atmenopause is used to estimate the duration of the reproductive period because there is less variability in the age range for menarche (within a 3-year window in 80%...

Conclusion: Two cases of unilateral ovarian and partial tubal agenesis predisposed the patients to early menopause by requiring removal of the contralateral ovary due to recurrent torsion or ovarian cancer. Upon discovery of congenital absence of an ovary during surgery, an effort should be made to preserve the functionality of the contralateral adnexa and uterus if fertility is desired. retrop...

Background: Significant changes in scalp, facial and body hair occur after the menopause. These can have a significant negative impact on self-esteem and are also potential markers of endocrine or metabolic diseases. Knowledge of postmenopausal hair changes is important for clinicians to distinguish between normal physiological change and those that require further medical investigation. Object...

Osteoporosis is a very common disease among women. It is frequently called a silent epidemic and, due to its impact on osteoporotic fractures with high morbidity and mortality, also a silent killer. There are a number of significant risk factors for osteoporosis, some of them very strongly related to the functioning of the reproductive system. These include menstrual irregularities, premature o...


 Menopause is defined by its relationship to menstruation––it the cessation of menstruation. Medical texts identify menopause as part cycle “decay” associated with female reproductive functions; early often a dreaded result various medical treatments and sign disfunction.
 It turns out that only three types animals experience menopause: killer whales, short-finned pilot humans, while...