BACKGROUND Reference-based pricing limits reimbursement for a group of drugs that are deemed therapeutically equivalent to the cost of the lowest-priced product within that group. We estimated the effect of reference-based pricing of nitrate drugs used for long-term prophylaxis on prescribing of and expenditures on nitrates and other anti-anginal drugs dispensed to senior citizens in British Co...

We look at one of the informational novelties introduced by the existence of internet market, namely "the recommender systems". A recommender system is a system employed by some internet sellers, which collects data from all previous customers about their experiences and makes inferences from this data to recommend a product to an active customer. The recommender system can also be interpreted ...

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Many video applications are scalable due to human tolerance to degradation in picture quality, frame loss and end-to-end delay. Scalability allows the network to utilize its resources efficiently for supporting additional connections, thereby increasing revenue and number of supported customers. This can be accomplished by a dynamic admission control scheme which scales down existing connection...

Abstract: This paper analyzes optimal monetary policy under precommitment in a state-dependent pricing (SDP) environment. Under SDP, monopolistically competitive firms are allowed to endogenously change the timing of price adjustments. I show that this endogenous timing of price adjustment alters the tradeoff and the cost of inflation variation faced by the monetary authority in comparison to t...

In this study, the pricing problem of a transportation service provider company is considered. Our goal is to find optimal prices by using probabilistic dynamic programming. A fuzzy IF-THEN-rule based system is used to identify the demand levels under different prices and other characteristics of the journey. The results obtained by optimal price policies show that the revenue increases by appl...

INTRODUCTION Policy-makers worldwide struggle to balance health with industrial policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector. Tensions arise over pricing and reimbursement in particular. What health plans view as necessary to maintain equitable access to medicines, industry views as inimical to R&D and innovation. Australia has grappled with this issue for years, even incorporating the goal o...

In an asset-pricing model calibrated to match the standard asset pricing empirical properties –in particular, the time-variation in the equity premium – we calculate the welfare (value) implications of sub-optimal capital budgeting decisions. Specifically, we calculate that an investment policy that ignores the timevariation in the equity premium, such as would occur with a cost of capital foll...

Due to the rapid development of technology in recent years, market competition and customer expectations have increased more than ever. In this situation, it is vital for businesses survival to determine the appropriate policy for inventory control, pricing, and routing, and decisions regarding each of them are often made separately. If the products have a perishable nature, it will be more imp...