Abstract Accessing the potentially habitable subsurface waters of Ocean Worlds requires a robotic ice probe (or “cryobot”) to traverse tens kilometers with temperatures ranging from ∼100 273 K. Designing and planning such mission understanding behavior as function local environment design parameters. We present experimental results two laboratory melt probes in cryogenic (79 K) warm (253 ice. T...

Conductivity is the intrinsic property of sea water from which salinity can be determined, and measurement a regulatory requirement. This work aimed at developing conductivity sensor for Ocean Observation applications. The concept capacitive coupling attempted in combination with contact electrodes while designing probe eliminates polarization lead, or electrode contamination issues associated ...

We revisit the idea of quantum nondemolition measurement (QND) optical quanta via a resonantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity taking into account backaction. show that monolithic microcavities enable QND number in weak signal field using classical probe spatially overlapping with signal. The phase acquires information about without altering it due to cross-phase modulation effect. find exact soluti...

original article background and objectives: one type of electromagnetic fields, based on frequency range, is extremely low frequency (elf) fields. there are lots of reports about measuring elf- magnetic field (mf) in substations, power plants, cities, near high voltage power lines and etc. this study aimed to compare the difference between measurement of three-axis and single-axis probe mf mete...

In this paper we examine the absorption and dispersion properties of a weak probe field via Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) in a four-level system. It is shown that under certain condition, using this model, the absorption cancellation is appeared and the medium becomes transparent to the weak probe field. It will be shown that the controlling of absorption and dispersion spectru...

The semi-classical model of atom-field interaction has been fully studied for some multilevel atoms, e.g. Vee, L, Cascade X , Y, and inverted Y and so on. This issue is developed into the full-quantum electrodynamics formalism, where the probe and coupling electromagnetic fields are quantized. In this article, we investigate the full-quantum model of absorption and dispersion spectrum of trappe...