Programmed death is often associated with a bacterial stress response. This behavior appears paradoxical, as it offers no benefit to the individual. This paradox can be explained if the death is 'altruistic': the killing of some cells can benefit the survivors through release of 'public goods'. However, the conditions where bacterial programmed death becomes advantageous have not been unambiguo...

Since most anticancer therapies including immunotherapy trigger programmed cell death in cancer cells, defective cell death programs can lead to treatment resistance and tumor immune escape. Therefore, evasion of programmed cell death may provide one possible explanation as to why cancer immunotherapy has so far only shown modest clinical benefits for children with cancer. A better understandin...

Objective: In this review, we aimed to discuss the efficacy of immunotherapy anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed ligand (PD-L1) potential immune mechanism combination with various standard systemic therapies for breast cancer (BC) such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine radiotherapy.

A Proteomic screen implicates HSP83 and a small kinetoplastid calpain-related protein in drug resistance in Leishmania donovani clinical field isolates by modulating drug-induced programmed cell death. Running title: Programmed cell death and drug resistance in Leishmania

Bregs: B regulatory cells BP: bullous pemphigoid CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyteeassociated protein 4 IRAE: immune-related adverse events PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1 PD-L1: programmed death ligand

asthma is one of the fastest growing syndromes in many countries and is adding a huge cost to the health care system. increasing reports have linked airway infectious diseases to asthma. influenza is one of the most serious airway infectious diseases and in recent years there have been some serious influenza virus pandemics which caused increased fatality in numerous different populations. dive...