background: the role of mesenchymal stem cell in cellular therapy is the subject of interest for many researchers. the differentiation potential of mscs and abilities in modulations of the recipient’s immune system makes them important cells in tissue regenerative studies. mscs by releasing the proinflammatory cytokines play important role in immunomodulatory systems; however the signaling path...

Nitric oxide is generally considered a pronociceptive retrograde transmitter that, by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase-mediated cGMP production and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, drives nociceptive hypersensitivity. The duality of its functions, however, is increasingly recognized. This review summarizes nitric-oxide-mediated direct S-nitrosylation of target proteins that ma...

The Nuclear factor-2 erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a redox regulated transcription factor involved in the regulation of antioxidant defence systems. It drives the production of endogenous antioxidant defences and detoxifying enzymes. Nuclear factor-kappa light chain enhancer of B cells (NF-κB) is a transcription factor, involved in proinflammatory cytokine production, in addition to its ...

Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan composed of repeated disaccharide units of alternating D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine residues linked via alternating β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic bonds. HA is synthesized in humans byHA synthase (HAS) enzymes 1, 2, and 3, which are encoded by the correspondingHAS genes. Previous in vitro studies have shown charac...

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is secreted in the pineal gland and extra pineal tissues. Melatonin possesses a wide variety of biological effects such as chronobiological, sedative and anxiolytic. Melatonin may act as an antioxidant and a potent scavenger of both oxygen and nitrogen reactive molecules. The free radical scavenging activity of melatonin is receptor independent process w...

As a chronic disease, osteoarthritis (OA) leads to degradation of both cartilage and subchondral bone, of which the development is related to proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Specnvezhenide in osteoarthritis and mechanism of it was studied in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Specnvezhenide decreases interleukin-1β-ind...

Inonotus obliquus (IO) is parasitic mushroom that grows on birch and other trees in Russia, Korea, Europe and United States. However, IO is not readily available for consumption due to its high cost and difficult growth. In this regard, IO was inoculated on germinated brown rice (GBR) in the present study and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the IO grown on germinated brown r...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized membrane-bound receptors in innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon recognition of specific ligands originating from pathogenand modified selfderived molecules, TLRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades that involve various adaptor proteins and enzymes, resulting in the generation of proinflammatory and antim...

Clinical studies have indicated a frequent coexistence of depression and diabetes. Both of these diseases are associated with similar changes in the structure and function of the central nervous system cells and with similar disturbances of cognitive processes. Some morphological and functional changes occurring in these diseases seem to result from exaggerated glucocorticoid, proinflammatory c...

BACKGROUND The neuroinflammatory process plays a central role in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and involves the activation of brain microglial cells. During the neuroinflammatory process, microglial cells release proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), Reactive oxygen species (ROS)...