The sensitivity of stellar spectra to α/Fe abundance changes is investigated with the aim to be detected photometricly and employed for scientific goals of the GAIA mission. A grid of plane parallel, line blanketed, flux constant, LTE model atmospheres with different [α/Fe] ratios was calculated. As a first step, the modelled stellar energy fluxes for solar-type stars and giants were computed a...

Abstract In 2013, UN-HABITAT provided the City Prosperity Index (CPI) to evaluate policies and guide urban decision-makers. Quality of life is one of the five dimensions of urban prosperity, which is one of the newest theories in the field of urban planning. The concept of urban quality of life has been invigorated in the wake of social welfare and social justice schools. In Iran, from the past...

Real incomes are routinely compared internationally using methods which "correct" for deviations from purchasing power parity. The most widely used of these is the Geary method which, though theoretically suspect, underlies the Penn World Table. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the Geary method which I call the GAIA ("Geary-Allen International Accounts") System. I show that the ...

The article examines the question of priority and simultaneous discovery in the context of the discovery of the periodic system. It is argued that rather than being anomalous, simultaneous discovery is the rule. Moreover, I argue that the discovery of the periodic system by at least six authors in over a period of 7 years represents one of the best examples of a multiple discovery. This notion ...

This paper provides a summary of software engineering process and its importance in open system industry. It describes the agent oriented software engineering development lifecycle. It also focuses on orientation of multi agent systems and on some representative agent oriented software engineering methodologies such as Gaia, ROADMAP, Tropos, and MaSE which are general purpose methodologies. The...

Future astrometric satellites, such as SIM (NASA’s Space Interferometric Mission) and GAIA (ESA’s Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics), hold the promise of mapping out the detailed phase space structure of the Galactic halo by providing unprecedented annual proper motion and parallax of 1 − 10μas astrometric accuracy. Here we show that proper motions of hundred or so giant branch...