The human genome is scattered with repetitive sequences, and the ENCODE project revealed that 60-70% of the genomic DNA is transcribed into RNA. As a consequence, the human transcriptome contains a large portion of repeat-derived RNAs (repRNAs). Here, we present a hypothesis for the evolution of novel functional repeat-derived RNAs from non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) by retrotransposition. Upon ampli...

The opportunity for gene flow between a vegetatively propagated crop and its wild relatives is expected to be much lower than for seed-propagated crops, since sexual reproduction in the crop occurs only infrequently. A study by Duputié and colleagues now demonstrates evidence of sexual reproduction between a vegetatively propagated crop and a closely related wild congener. Working in French Gui...

Traditional machine learning approaches are designed to learn from independent vector-valued data points.�e assumption that instances are independent, however, is not always true. On the contrary, there are numerous domains where data points are cross-linked, for example social networks, where persons are linked by friendship relations.�ese relations among data points make traditional machine l...

Enterprise databases are comprised of multiple local databases that exchange information. The component databases will rarely have the same native form, so one must map between the native interfaces of the data suppliers and the recipients. An SQL view is a convenient and powerful way to define this map, because it provides not just an evaluation mechanism, but also query, and (to some degree) ...

In this theoretical–experimental study, we use the Fresnel–Kirchhoff diffraction theory to simulate formation of far-field pattern a divergent Gaussian beam propagated through photorefractive crystal Bi 12 GeO 20 (BGO). We show that for BGO, in addition wavefront curvature and change refractive index medium due light intensity, there is third contribution affecting medium-induced nonlinear phas...

during the last two decades, maximum likelihood estimation (ml) has been used to determine direction of arrival (doa) and signals propagated by the sources, using narrowband array signals. the algorithm fails in the case of wideband signals. as an attempt by the present study to overcome the problem, the array outputs are transformed into narrowband frequency bins, using short time fourier tran...

in order to  study the effect of beet mosaic virus on sugarbeet seed yield, an isolate of beet mosaic virus was collected from sugarbeet fields in karaj and biologically was purified by inoculation on chenopodium amaranticolor and propagated on beta vulgaris cv. cicla under greenhouse conditions. the infected sap was inoculated on leaves of  sugar beet  7233 variety at  two stages, after and be...