Determination of a nonlinear system is more difficult than a linear system because of the requirement to reconstruct composed elements. The cochlea is a frequency analyzer in our ear and shows nonlinearities such as two-tone suppression (2TS) and distortion product (DP) for two tones. In the psychological and clinical studies, those nonlinearities have been also measured. However, accurate meas...

The primary distinguishing element between the practice of clinical psychiatry and applied psychology is the right to prescribe psychotropic medications for psychiatrists and the absence of that right for applied psychologists (Clinical or Counseling Psychologists holding either Ph.D, Psy.D, or Ed.D degrees) (Andrews, 2011). Since 1995, the American Psychological Association has made it officia...

objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the persian version of chicago multi-scale depression inventory (cmdi) in iranian subjects. method: cmdi was translated into persian according to the standard method. two hundred and sixty two medical students (of whom, 114 were re-tested 5-10 days after the first test), archibald 40 patients with major depressive e...

the main purpose of this paper has been to discuss the effects of psychological stress and other environmental factors on incidence of diseases. we were specifically concerned with stress that increased susceptibility of uninfected hosts when exposed to infection. if such stresses also reduced resources, fecundity and/or survivorship, there was a reduction in the host carrying capacity. in addi...

introduction: tinnitus is a common complaint in patients referred to otorhinolaryngology clinics and is a condition where one hears a sound without any distinguishable external acoustic source or electrical stimulus. about 3-30% of adults experience different degrees of tinnitus during their life. this study aims to ascertain and compare personality traits between patients with tinnitus and a c...

In order to better understand tinnitus and distress associated with tinnitus, psychological variables such as emotional and cognitive processing are a central element in theoretical models of this debilitating condition. Interoception, that is, the perception of internal processes, may be such a psychological factor relevant to tinnitus. Against this background, 20 participants suffering from c...

Obesity is the 'disease of the 21st century' and results in physical and psychosocial co-morbidities as well as poor quality of life (QoL). In contrast to the nonsurgical treatment of obesity, bariatric surgery is treatment of choice for morbid obesity. Since improved QoL and enhanced psychosocial functioning are important goals of bariatric surgery, success following bariatric surgery should n...

This paper reviews a revolution in our understanding of psychosis over the last 20 years. To a major extent, this has resulted from a process of cross-fertilization between psychosocial epidemiology and cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis (CBT-p). This encouraged complementary strategies for the acquisition and analysis of data. These include the use of a range of dependent variables relat...

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by self-destructive behaviours which gradually affect the sufferer’s mental well-being and lead to body emaciation. The results of the scientific research conducted in the past few decades point to a multitude of determinants of this disorder, including biological, familial, socio-cultural and individual factors [Mikołajczyk, Samochowiec, Kent...

In two experiments, food-deprived rat subjects leverpressed for food in three successive training phases. In the first phase of both experiments, rats were exposed to a multiple schedule, one component of which produced a high rate of response, and the other of which produced a lower rate of response (multiple random ratio [RR], random interval [RI] in Experiment 1, and multiple differential re...