New car regulation has greatly reduced vehicle emissions. Still, many counties are not achieving Clean Air Act targets. To achieve cleaner air, many counties have implemented costly emissions testing programs. Whether such programs pass a cost/benefit test depend on how aggregate emissions would have evolved in the absence of regulation and how this regulation affects driver maintenance incenti...

This paper presents a way to e ciently use lane detection techniques known from driver assistance systems to assist in obstacle detection for autonomous trains. On the one hand, there are several properties that can be exploited to improve conventional lane detection algorithms when used for railway applications. The heavily changing visual appearance of the tracks is compensated by very e ecti...

Intersection crashes account for 1.72 million crashes per year in the United States. In 2004 stop-sign and traffic signal violations accounted for approximately 302,000 crashes resulting in 163,000 functional lifeyears lost and $7.9 billion of economic loss [1]. The objective of the Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V) project was to design, develop, and ...

A key to the development of effective crash countermeasures is an understanding of pre-crash causal and contributing factors. This research effort was initiated to provide an unprecedented level of detail concerning driver performance, behavior, environment, driving context and other factors that were associated with critical incidents, near crashes and crashes for 100 drivers across a period o...

Modern societies are increasingly confronted with the externalities of road traffic, such as congestion, accidents, consumption of scarce space, use of energy, and vehicle emissions. Many measures for controlling these externalities are currently under consideration by public authority .Car accident is one of the major causes of death in many countries. Many researchers have attempted to design...

This paper introduces a novel methodology based on disaggregate analysis of two-car crash data to estimate the partial effects of mass, through the velocity change, on absolute driver injury risk in each of the vehicles involved in the crash when absolute injury risk is defined as the probability of injury when the vehicle is involved in a two-car crash. The novel aspect of the introduced metho...

Driver distraction contributes to approximately 43% of motor-vehicle crashes and 27% of near-crashes. Rapidly developing in-vehicle technology and electronic devices place additional demands on drivers, which might lead to distraction and diminished capacity to perform driving tasks. This situation threatens safe driving. Technology that can detect and mitigate distraction by alerting drivers c...

In some wilderness areas, wildlife encounter vehicles disrupt their behaviour and habitat use. Changing driver behaviour has been proposed where bans on vehicle use are politically unpalatable, but the efficacy of vehicle setbacks and reduced speeds remains largely untested. We characterised bird-vehicle encounters in terms of driver behaviour and the disturbance caused to birds, and tested whe...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between motor vehicle driver injury and socioeconomic status. DESIGN Cohort study with prospective and retrospective outcomes. SETTING New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS 10 525 adults (volunteer sample of a multi-industry workforce, n=8008; and a random sample of urban electoral rolls, n=2517). OUTCOME MEASURE Motor vehicle driver injury resulting i...

In the paper, a mathematical model assembling a "driver-mobile vehicle-road environment" system and capable of simulating the process of mobile vehicles skid in traction movement mode is proposed. The usage of non-linear drift models allows the development of efficient algorithms for mobile vehicles dynamic stabilization systems. INTRODUCTION The traction loss between the vehicle and the road a...