Caries is the most common cause of pulp-periapical disease. When the pulp tissue involved in caries becomes irreversibly inflamed and progresses to necrosis, the treatment option is root canal therapy because the infected or non-infected necrotic pulp tissue in the root canal system is not accessible to the host's innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms and antimicrobial agents. Therefore...

The authors regret that several corrections were not made before final publication. They are marked in bold: last sentence under the heading “Immature Teeth,” should read: “Clinical situations may necessitate endodontic intervention immature teeth pulp necrosis, with and without AP, exposure loss of vitality, irreversible pulpitis/coronal pulpitis.” fourth “Pulp Necrosis AP” “The tissue also ha...

PURPOSE The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate, via clinical and radiographic assessments, the treatment outcome of zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) pulpectomies performed in vital maxillary primary incisors successfully restored with composite resin crowns. METHODS Pulpectomized vital primary incisors were treated by a uniformed technique, filled with ZOE paste, and successfully res...

Seventy-six vital permanent incisors with complicated crown t’ractures in 72 children were assessed clinically and radiographically for the healing of pulp exposures treated by direct pulp capping or by pulpotomy. Thirty-eight of these teeth had pinpoint exposures, complete roots, and were treated by pulp capping. Pulpotomy was the treatment for the other 38 teeth that had incomplete root devel...

For centuries, diagnosis in Medicine and Dentistry has been considered more of an art than a science, intuitive skill that could only be mastered by experienced clinicians. Indeed, it was impossible to develop standardized, practical, operationalized diagnostic criteria. Understanding the cognitive processes underlying procedures improved recently, is now recognized rather being mysterious, pro...