An improved high throughput assay for measuring murine antibodies to squalene (SQE) is described. The assay is highly reproducible and sensitive and can detect 80 ng/ml of antibody to SQE. The assay, an ELISA, is similar to our previously described assay in which plates containing PVDF membranes were used [J. Immunol. Methods 245 (2000) 1]. The PVDF plates worked well for detection of murine mo...

Polymer solid electrolytes (SEs) with high safety and flexibility are ideal for advanced lithium-metal solid-state batteries (SSBs). Among various polymer SEs, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) SEs have gained increased attention their dielectric constants, ionic conductivity, excellent flexibility. However, severe side reactions at the interface caused by decomposition ...

Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is a ferroelectric polymer characterized by negative strain along the direction of applied electric field. However, electromechanical response mechanism PVDF remains unclear due to complexity hierarchical structure across length scales. As described in this letter, we employ Finsler geometry model as new solution aforementioned problem and demonstrate that defor...

Most polymer materials are thermal and electrical insulators, which have wide potential in advanced energy-power applications including energy conversion. However, polymers get softened when contact with heat, causes their molecular chains to flow as the temperature increases. Although dielectrics exhibit high power density, they face challenges of low density is due dielectric permittivity ass...

Background: The limited availability of donor sites for nerve grafting has continued to stimulate research toward finding suitable alternatives for autograft. The aim of this research was to study the effect of piezoelectric channel and collagen gel on nerve regeneration. Materials and methods: This research is an experimental study. Forty eight male rats (200-250 gr) were used. After axotomy...

Quite recently, ion-track membranes of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have attracted a renewed interest for their applications to next-generation electrochemical devices such as fuel cells [1,2]. In order to produce tracketched pores in PVDF films, several kinds of etching solutions were previously employed. In most cases [3], a highly concentrated aqueous KOH solution with a KMnO4 additive w...

Vinylbenzyl chloride was grafted onto PVDF and FEP polymer films using the radiation-grafting methodology. Subsequent reaction with trimethylamine and ion-exchange with potassium hydroxide yields alkaline anion-exchange membranes that are capable of conducting hydroxide ions; such membranes may be suitable for use in low temperature direct methanol fuel cells for portable devices. The PVDF base...

The phase diagrams of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers with chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) are investigated by first-principles calculations. Both PVDF and dilute P(VDF-CTFE) prefer nonpolar structures at zero field, but transform to a polar phase below the breakdown field. The critical field decreases with increasing CTFE content, facilitating the transformation. In disordered...