We apply some concepts and results from mathematical logic in order to obtain an apparently new counterexample in symbolic dynamics. Two sets are said to be Muchnik equivalent if any point of either set can be used as a Turing oracle to compute a point of the other set. The Muchnik degree of a set is its Muchnik equivalence class. There is an extensive recursion-theoretic literature on the latt...

It seems impossible for a human being not to have some point of view concerning nonhuman animal (hereafter animal) welfare. Many people make decisions about how humans are permitted to treat animals using speciesist criteria, basing their decisions on an individual's species membership rather than on that animal's individual characteristics. Although speciesism provides a convenient way for mak...

Very little is known about how products derived from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of municipal waste affect availability and uptake nitrogen in plant nutrition. This study examined effects 60% sewage sludge 40% food HTC products, i.e., biochar (BC) process water (PW), as sources on garden cress growth quality. A fertilization program using four doses [(control), 9, 12, 15 kg da−1 N] BC,...

This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility and welfare. Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two (unobserved) components, an i.i.d. component representing measurement error or transitory income shocks and an AR(1) component representing persistent changes in income. We use a tractable consumption-saving model...

Soda taxes aim to reduce excessive sugar consumption. Their effectiveness depends on whether they successfully target those whose consumption is associated with the highest harm. We assess the impact of soda taxes using novel longitudinal data on purchases on-the-go; we model the supply side of the market and find that pass-through is over 100%. We recover individual level responses, which we r...

INTRODUCTION Ureteral access sheaths (UAS) facilitate flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of urolithiasis. The physical properties of UAS vary by manufacturer and model. We compared three new UAS: Glideway (GW, Terumo, 11/13Fr, 12/14Fr), Pathway (PW, Terumo 12/14F) and Navigator HD (NHD, Boston Scientific, 11/13Fr, 12/14Fr) in the domains of safety characteristics, positioning characteristic...

The ventricles of the brain remain perhaps the largest anatomic structure in the human body without established primary purpose, even though their existence has been known at least since described by Aristotle. We hypothesize that the ventricles help match a stroke volume of arterial blood that arrives into the rigid cranium with an equivalent volume of ejected venous blood by spatially configu...