the cultural relation between iran and france was a result of the russians' wars against iran. hence, the cultural activities of the french lazariste missionaries, especially among the christian society of iran, make an important part of this relation and a portion of unknown history of the qajar era that has not been much investigated and reflected. from mohammad shah's period (1250–...

this study evaluates the lifelikeness layers of boroujerdi’s house in kashan as a case study to analyze the houses of islamic period, especially qajar era. why traditional iranian architecture was considered as sustainable architecture? what are the elements included in the traditional architecture to take the most advantage of the least facilities? what elements does the modern architecture la...

qajar period is recognized as a time of significant changes in persian arts. perhaps the most obvious change was the influence of european arts especially on architecture, painting as well as pottery. however after safavid period as to several inside and outside factors, amongst them vast importation of porcelain wares, iran was faced with stagnation of pottery’s art but this doesn’t mean the a...

jezyah had been part of the tax system imposed on religious minorities. from the very first days of its introduction to islam, it was addressed to as demeaning and humiliating towards religious minorities. the abolition of many laws concerning religious minorities was the result of some developments in iran, especially in foreign relationships during the qajar era. jezyah is a prominent example...

Handwoven carpets as one of the main export items Iran during Qajar period underwent significant integration with world economy after a series foreign companies were established. As result, design, pattern, dyeing, and even weaving techniques changed significantly. There have not been enough considerations all these effects so far. We investigate such process had on Iranian (patterns, sizes, co...