This paper shows how to induce an N-best t r ans la t ion lexicon f rom a bi l ingual t ex t corpus using s ta t is t ical proper t ies of the corpus toge the r wi th four ex te rna l knowledge sources. The knowledge sources are cast as filters, so t h a t any subset of t h e m can be cascaded in a un i form framework. A new object ive evaluat ion measure is used to compare the qual i ty of lex...

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD 2E) is caused by mutations in the beta-sarcoglycan gene, which is expressed in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. beta-sarcoglycan-deficient (Sgcb-null) mice developed severe muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy with focal areas of necrosis. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan and dystroglycan complexes were disrupted in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscl...

Let RT (n), ED(n) and EOG(n) be the number of labelled regular tournaments, labelled loop-free simple Eulerian digraphs, and labelled Eulerian oriented simple graphs, respectively, on n vertices. Then, as n →∞, RT (n) = (2n+1 πn )(n−1)/2 n1/2e−1/2 ( 1 + O(n−1/2+ ) ) (n odd), ED(n) = ( 4 πn )(n−1)/2 n1/2e−1/4 ( 1 + O(n−1/2+ ) ) , and EOG(n) = (3n+1 4πn )(n−1)/2 n1/2e−3/8 ( 1 + O(n−1/2+ ) ) , for...

In this paper, we address the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP) in which freight is delivered from depots to intermediary satellites, from where it is delivered to customers. Different from other multi-level problems, the focus in 2E-VRP is on the global routing costs of the overall network. 2E-VRP has been recently introduced and, to our knowledge, there are no studies of the impact...

This paper considers a special vehicle routing problem, the two-echelon problem with simultaneous delivery and pickup demands (2E-VRPSDP). The 2EVRPSDP differs from classic transportation problems in two ways. First, freight depot to customers is managed by shipping through intermediate satellites. Second, each customer 2E-VRPSDP may have demands. an extension of (2E-VRP) (VRPSDP). A variable n...