Why Do People Still Live in East Germany? In 1997 GDP per capita in East Germany was 57% of that of West Germany, wage rates were 75% of western levels, and the unemployment rate was at least double the western rate of 7.8%. One would expect that if capital flows and trade in goods failed to bring convergence, labor flows would respond, enhancing overall efficiency. Yet net emigration from East...

A burgeoning literature has emerged during the last two decades to assess the economic impacts of immigration on host countries. In recent years much research has been done at the national level under the assumption that impacts in open regions may dissipate through adjustment processes such as factor mobility. However, this is ultimately an empirical issue. In this paper we revisit the impacts...

The flight and expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe during and after World War II constitutes one of the largest forced population movements in history. We analyze the economic integration of these forced migrants and their offspring in West Germany. The empirical results suggest that even a quarter of a century after displacement, first generation migrants and native West Germans that were...

Social Mixing as a Cure for Negative Neighbourhood Effects: Evidence Based Policy or Urban Myth? In this paper, we review the evidence base for social mixing in neighbourhoods, which is used as a strategy to tackle assumed negative neighbourhood effects. We discuss in detail the theoretical links between neighbourhood characteristics, and outcomes of individuals living in concentrations of pove...

Unemployment is best described by two dimensions: incidence and duration. While the first issue has received little attention for developing countries, there is practically no research on the duration aspect for developing countries. This paper looks at duration of unemployment among young men in urban Ethiopia. We observe that mean duration is very long, namely around four years. And analyse t...

APrIl 2017 IZA DP No. 10697 The Effects of Physical Restructuring on the Socioeconomic Status of Neighborhoods: Selective Migration and Upgrading In the last few decades, urban restructuring programs have been implemented in many Western European cities with the main goal of combating a variety of socioeconomic problems in deprived neighborhoods. The main instrument of restructuring has been ho...

The use of part-time jobs is steadily increasing in most advanced economies. Previous literature has concluded that part-time workers suffer a wage penalty, but its magnitude varies across studies and countries. The part-time penalty is the otherwise unexplained element of the gap between full-time and part-time hourly earnings. One potential factor accounting for international differences in t...

A graph G is said to be d-distinguishable if there is a d-coloring of G which no non-trivial automorphism preserves. That is, 9χ : G !f1; : : : ;dg; 8φ 2 Aut(G)nfidg;9v;χ(v) 6= χ(φ(v)): It was conjectured that if jGj> jAut(G)j and the Aut(G) action on G has no singleton orbits, then G is 2-distinguishable. We give an example where this fails. We partially repair the conjecture by showing that w...

We exploit cross-city variation in manufacturing decline and housing market changes during the 2000s, and jointly estimate their effects on non-employment. Both forces strongly affected nonemployment between 2000 and 2007, with the increase from manufacturing decline almost exactly offset by reductions attributable to housing. We show that this offsetting occurred both in the aggregate and at t...

Kozak, Wieslaw, Carole A. Conn, John J. Klir, Grace H. W. Wong, and Matthew J. Kluger. TNF soluble receptor and antiserum against TNF enhance lipopolysaccharide fever in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. PhysioZ. 38): R23-R29, 1995.-We tested the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) soluble receptor (sTNFR) and anti-TNF serum (anti-TNF) administered intraperitoneally on ...