Japan has been free from rabies since the 1950s. However, during the early 1900s several large-scale epidemics spread throughout the country. Here we investigate the dynamics of these epidemics between 1914 and 1933 in Osaka Prefecture, using archival data including newspapers. The association between dog rabies cases and human population density was investigated using Mixed-effects models and ...

BACKGROUND Thousands of human deaths from rabies occur annually despite the availability of effective vaccines following exposure, and for disease control in the animal reservoir. Our aim was to assess risk factors associated with exposure and to determine why human deaths from endemic canine rabies still occur. METHODS AND FINDINGS Contact tracing was used to gather data on rabies exposures,...

European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) monograph 0451 on Rabies vaccine (inactivated) for veterinary use describes an in vivo batch potency test that is based on the NIH test. This assay uses a large number of mice and results in a significant degree of suffering. In the interest of replacement, reduction and refinement of animal tests (3R) a serological potency assay for Rabies vaccine (inactivated...

BACKGROUND Mokola virus (MOKV) is a rabies-related lyssavirus and appears to be exclusive to the African continent. Only 24 cases of MOKV, which includes two human cases, have been reported since its identification in 1968. MOKV has an unknown reservoir host and current commercial vaccines do not confer protection against MOKV. RESULTS We describe three new isolations of MOKV from domestic ca...

Rabies is an infectious viral disease with a mortality rate close to 100%. Currently, there is a need to generate cheaper and more immunogenic vaccines for the effective prevention of rabies, mostly in developing countries. Virus-like particles have been widely used in viral vaccine production due to their high immunogenicity and safety during the production process. Rabies virus glycoprotein i...

The progress of low and middle income countries is absolutely dependent on the high impact twenty forgotten or neglected entities caused by a wide range etiological agents. Although there are available treatments against many them, reinfections drug resistance hamper their control. Until now, only commercial vaccines effective to manage for Dengue virus rabies. Some reasons efficacy conventiona...

Although most of the vaccines are prepared out of the heat killed or attenuated virus and bacteria, study on their genotoxicity/clastogenicity is meagre. Therefore, the clastogenic potential of certain widely used vaccines namely, measles, rubella and rabies (rabipur), has been assessed at 24 h post-treatment from mouse bone marrow cells after a low dose, single intraperitoneal treatment. Mitot...

detail, a valuable contribution and a positive demonstration of his "philology and erudition". The images receive, by comparison, cursory treatment. It is only after repeated perusals that the reader grasps how simple the material really is, basically three male-female pairs dateable to 1539 and their derivatives: the De Negker-Vogtherr set from Strasbourg; the Sabio set from Venice; and the Go...

Transmission of rabies from animals to people continues despite availability of good vaccines for both human and animal use. The only effective strategy to achieve elimination of dog rabies and the related human exposure is to immunize dogs at high coverage levels. We present the analysis of two consecutive parenteral dog mass vaccination campaigns conducted in N'Djamena in 2012 and 2013 to adv...