Introduction April 26, 1986, will go into history as the date when the 4th reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station exploded causing radioactive contamination of a wide area practically in all Europe. The initial explosions and heat carried volatile radioactive materials up to 1.5 km height from where these materials were transported over large territories. Plumes containing numerous quan...

involving radioactive materials in recent years have had consequences for the health of the general public. These have ranged from the major accident at Chernobyl in 1986 to accidental dispersion of medical and industrial radioactive sources. Responses to these accidents differed between countries. It later became apparent that some protective actions were taken that, in the most extreme cases,...

In March 2011, enormous radioactive materials, mainly 137Cs, 129I, 90Sr and so on were released from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant after The Great East Japan Earthquake. Tap water, raw milk, vegetables, mushrooms, fruit, nuts, seaweed, marine invertebrates, fish, beef, wild animal meat, brown rice, wheat, tea leaves and other foodstuffs were contaminated by many radionuclides. In pa...

The OECD NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) anticipates that by 2050 the amount of nuclear-generated electricity worldwide will increase by a minimum of 1.6 times and a maximum of 3.9 times its 2008 value of 372 GWe [1]. At the same time, the amount of radioactive waste that will be produced is expected to increase substantially. High-level radioactive waste is usually derived from the burning of uran...

Introduction: The risk of radioactivity addresses human life directly. The natural rock radioactivity is mainly due to 232Th, 238U), and 40K series. Activities involving blasting, crushing, and processing of rocks into numerous pieces lead to release of radionuclides into the atmosphere in the form of dust particles. M...