objective: in comparison to clinical oral health indices, perceived oral health measures are less applied in large-scale epidemiological oral health studies in iran. the aim of this study was to measure perceived oral health among adults in tehran, iran. methods: in this cross-sectional study, perceived oral health was measured in 1100 adults in tehran by two measures: 1- non-replaced extracted...

Background: The Short Form 36-Item Survey is one of the most commonly used instruments for assessing health-related quality of life. Two identical versions of the original instrument are currently available: the public domain, license free RAND-36 and the commercial SF-36. RAND-36 is not available in Swedish. The purpose of this study was threefold: to translate and culturally adapt the RAND-36...

A combination of high deductible health plans (HDHPs) and health savings accounts (HSAs) holds promise for expanding health insurance for small firms. We provide information on HSA take-up and shopping behavior from a 2008 survey of female small business owners, revealing that the HSA marketplace can be confusing for small firms. HSAs may have expanded access to health insurance for the smalles...

s of all RAND Health publications and full text of many research documents can be found on the RAND Health web site at www.rand.org/health. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofi t research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily refl ect the opinions ...

How Does Obesity Affect Health— and Health Spending? Extensive research has shown that obesity increases the risk—or worsens the prognosis— for a variety of diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Indeed, in 2002, RAND research showed that the health consequences of obesity are worse than those of smoking and problem drinking (Sturm, 2002). Obesity increases health c...

Clustering methods are considered as unsupervised learning techniques as there are no predetermined subpopulations. Evaluating the results of clustering algorithms is the main topic of cluster validity. This paper tries to contribute to a better understanding and inference for the distribution, of such a case, of the Rand Index (Rand, 1971) under several conditions. Besides this, a bootstrappin...

* Paul K. Davis is a senior principal researcher at the RAND Corporation and a professor of policy analysis in the Pardee RAND Graduate School. His early studies were in the hard sciences and he received a Ph.D. in theoretical chemical physics at M.I.T. After working on strategic technology and systems analysis at the Institute for Defense Analyses, he joined the U.S. government to work on stra...

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