We argue that in animal mitochondria codon reassignments, such as those for AGA and AGG from arginine to serine or of AUA from isoleucine to methionine, are the result of an interplay between biased mutational forces and selective ones. In particular, there is a marked tendency for animal mitochondria to have very small genomes and to minimize their investment in components required for gene ex...

lipases are versatile biocatalysts with a wide range of application in food, dairy, leather, paper, pharmaceutical and detergent industries.  in this study, mesophilic lipase gene from an indigenous bacillus pumilus f3 that already its gene had been sequenced and  identified, was cloned and expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris and codon translation of lipase gene was evaluated in p...

Increased activity alleles (rscS1 and rscS2) of the symbiosis regulator RscS induced both syp transcription and biofilm formation in Vibrio fischeri. Neither allele encodes a protein variant; instead they carry mutations near the putative ribosome-binding site and, in the case of rscS1, an additional silent mutation at codon Leu25. In this study, we found that endogenous levels of RscS are very...

BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of hepatoblastoma (HB) patients have associated congenital abnormalities, but familial recurrence is rare, except in association with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This correlation may be missed if not actively sought, with implications for long-term outcome and management. METHODS We retrospectively investigated 3 families with an HB-familial polypo...

Oncogenic mutations in the small Ras GTPases KRas, HRas, and NRas render the proteins constitutively GTP bound and active, a state that promotes cancer. Ras proteins share ~85% amino acid identity, are activated by and signal through the same proteins, and can exhibit functional redundancy. Nevertheless, manipulating expression or activation of each isoform yields different cellular responses a...

conclusions genotypes 1 and 4 demonstrated remarkable similarity in terms of genome sequences and proteins, but surprisingly, in terms of the preferred codons for gene expression, they showed the greatest difference. more studies are therefore needed to confirm the results and select the best approach for treatment of these genotypes based on their codon usage properties. results the six genoty...