A major immunoregulatory mechanism in inflammatory infections and allergic diseases is the control of the balance of cytokines secreted by Th1/Th2 subsets of T helper (Th) cells. This might also be true in autoimmune diseases; a Th2 pattern that prevents an effective immune response in infections with intracellular bacteria may favor immunosuppression in autoimmune disease. The pattern of cytok...

Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have revealed the C-reactive protein gene (CRP) is related to the degree of acute rise in plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene could associate with increased risk of cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, obstructive pulmonary disease,...

AIMS To standardize the histopathological assessment of synovial membrane specimens in order to contribute to the diagnostics of rheumatic and non-rheumatic joint diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Three features of chronic synovitis (enlargement of lining cell layer, cellular density of synovial stroma, leukocytic infiltrate) were semiquantitatively evaluated (from 0, absent to 3, strong) and eac...

Background: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an emerging after viral infection especially respiratory and gastrointestinal related viruses. In 2020, SARS-COV2 virus sweeping worldwide with diverse symptoms prolonged post-Covid manifestations in which are arthralgia myalgia frequently present for days even months. Interestedly, covid era a part of ReA or flare autoimmune disease, it challenging. (1) ...

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a spondyloarthropathic disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints and tissues occurring after gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. Diagnostic criteria for ReA do not exist and, therefore, it is subject to clinical opinion resulting in cases with a wide range of symptoms and definitions. Using standardized diagnostic criteria, we conducted a systema...

INTRODUCTION Reactive arthritis is an autoimmune condition that occurs as a reaction against an infection site elsewhere in the body. Reactive arthritis affects mostly young ages, mainly group age 20-40 y.o., mostly males with ratio 2:1 against females, sometimes 3:1, and even 14:1. The purpose of the study was to observe the mode of illness presentation based on the number of affected joints. ...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to analyse retrospectively adult patients with acute joint or muscle symptoms and a high antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre to find out which syndromes of clinical arthritis are associated with serological evidence of streptococcal infection. METHODS Seventy six adult patients with an acute arthritis syndrome or an exacerbation in their chronic rheumatic d...

The Spondyloarthritis (SpA) are a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases whose feature common involvement of the axial skeleton, although in different forms and evolution can affect peripheral joints, with a prevalence of approximately 1.5-2% of the general population [1,2]. Inside this entity includes ankylosing spondylitis (AS), asymmetrical synovitis with skin compromise (eg, psori...

Fifteen patients with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. Eight presented with extraspinal arthritis. Certain clinical features were of value early in the disease in distinguishing these patients from those with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: male sex, remittent oligoarthritis, late onset in childhood, relative sparing of hands and wrists, infrequent cervical spine involvement, and n...