The paper provides an overview and comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions associated with fossil, nuclear and renewable energy systems. In this context both the direct technology-specific emissions and the contributions from full energy chains within the Life Cycle Assessment framework are considered. Examples illustrating the differences between countries and regional electricity mixes are als...

Emissions trading is a form of environmental regulation in which a regulatory body specifies the total allowable discharge of pollutants, divides this cap into individual permits assigned to individual polluters, and allows trading of the resulting permits. Laboratory experiments, in which paid subjects participate in controlled markets, can be used to test both proposals for emission trading a...

In light of concerns over climate change and the need for national inventories for greenhouse gas reporting, there has been a recent increase in interest in the ‘carbon foot printing’ of products. A number of LCA-based carbon reporting tools have been developed in both the agricultural and renewable energy sectors, both of which follow calculation methodologies to account for GHG emissions from...

The First-Order decay method for carbon stocks is derived from first principles, and applications in the context of national greenhouse gas inventories are discussed. For methane emissions from landfills a method is developed that in principle is more accurate than the method currently recommended by the IPCC, and systematic errors are estimated numerically. The First-Order decay method is furt...

There has been increased scrutiny in understanding the anthropogenic sources for methane emissions due to methane’s potency as a greenhouse gas [2]. There are two approaches for studying of methane emissions, emissions inventories (or ‘bottom up’ studies), and remote measurements of methane fluxes (or ‘top down’ studies). Emissions inventories calculate the leakage rates for fugitive methane ov...

Global and regional emission inventories of mercury are reviewed with special emphasis on the source regions with potential impact on the Arctic environment. These sources are located mostly in Eurasia and North America and emit almost 1300 t of rig to the air annually. Combustion of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat is the major source of rig. Major portion of the element emissions ...

An inventory for Life Cycle Analysis of agricultural products must address questions of representatively and coherence of models. This paper discusses the possibilities of modelling the input and production of typical farms to establish inventories that are consistent with higher level statistical information. Energy use has been modelled for typical Danish farms and compared with the national ...

Purpose – Urban areas are responsible for significant amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but cities can have quite different values of carbon footprints. The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of urban GHG emissions in order to explain these differences. Design/methodology/approach – Seven global cities – Bangkok, Chicago, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan and New Yo...

Development of some immune-mediated disorders may depend on dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To explore neuropsychologic mechanisms in relation to the abnormal endocrine reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) we used the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory...

A bottom-up inventory of atmospheric emissions of industrial MNVOCs in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region was established for the period of 2010–2012. Results indicated that the total emissions of industrial VOCs increased from 3.34 Tg in 2010 to 3.99 Tg in 2012 at an annual average rate of 9.3%. Furniture manufacturing, machinery equipment manufacturing, architectural ornament, and petroleum ref...