This study aims to assess the financial performance of PT. Astra International Tbk during 2017-2021 period by employing Economic Value Added (EVA) and Financial (FVA) metrics. The type research used in this is descriptive utilizing a quantitative approach. population consists all report data from 2017 2021, while samples include statements position profit/loss statements. collection technique e...

Some argue that managers cannot operate with multiple measurements of business-unit performance. While they recognize that aggregate financial measures (such as operating income, return on investment, and economic value added) are not perfect by themselves, they claim that financial measures at least are well understood and provide clear, unambiguous, and objective goals on which all organizati...

today most of financial analyst believes that companies for creating value should have more return than cost of capital. this concept is operationalised by applying eva an ir. as a result of changes created by stewart in the ri concept, eva has become a new tool of financial performance management. stewart believes that for evaluating internal and external performance eva should be used instead...

this paper is analysing the role of economic reforms on the labour market in iranian industry in economic reform period (1990-2005), and in turn, it is comparing it with closed economic period (1979-1989). in order to do the above comparative analysis, the manufacturing industry has been categorized based on hecksher-ohlin and gause methodology. accordingly, we have some industrial groups, incl...