The interventional cardiologist makes a provisional diagnosis of the no-reflow phenomenon in the presence of an acute reduction in coronary flow despite a widely patent epicardial vessel during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Its occurrence is recognized as a column of contrast arising distal to the original target stenosis that does not rapidly clear [1–3]. The precise pathophysiolog...

Brittle solder joints in Electroless Ni electroless Pd immersion Au (ENEPIG) surface finishes are one of the key re­ liability issues in electronics assembly. Previous characterization of the reflow process has indicated that interfa­ cial voids formed after solder reflow are responsible for the decreases in solder joint strength. However, the mechanisms behind the formation of these voids in t...

BACKGROUND Although distal embolization and the "no-reflow" phenomenon are well described in saphenous vein graft (SVG) interventions, the frequency, magnitude, and characterization of embolized debris have not been evaluated in routine coronary interventions. A unique embolus protection device described herein provides a means of containing and retrieving plaque material dislodged during percu...

Ames and his co-workers (Ames et al., 1968; Cantu et al., 1969) observed in rabbits that periods of cerebral ischaemia (circulatory arrest) of more than five minutes were followed by multifocal deficits in brain reperfusion as assessed by the post-ischaemic, intra-arterial injection of a suspension of carbon black. These zones of non-perfusion increased in number and size with increasing length...

Adenylate cyclase activity was investigated in either homogenate or particulate fractions from the frontal cerebral cortex of the gerbil following five experimental conditions of bilateral ischemia. After periods of 15 min ischemia, 15 min ischemia plus 15 min of recirculation or 60 min ischemia the enzyme generally displayed enhanced responses to GTP, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), NE + G...

The changes of cerebral energy state under bilateral and unilateral common carotid artery occlusion-reflow models in Mongolian gerbils were studied using in vivo 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (3IP-MRS). All ten gerbils used in the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-reflow model showed relatively uniform ischemic patterns, i.e., depletion of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenos...

During global ischemia in isolated rat hearts, the development of contracture, due to irreversible myofilament sliding, causes reduction of left ventricle luminal volume. Also, a considerable area of the myocardium cannot be reperfused after 1 hour's global ischemia. The purpose of this study was to reduce myofilament sliding by placing a fluid-filled isovolumic balloon in the left ventricular ...

The failure of blood flow to return to the kidney following a transient period of ischemia has long been recognized. The cause of this "no-reflow" has been investigated in the rat after a transient period of total obstruction of the renal arteries. The vascular pattern of the kidneys as visualized with silicone rubber injection shows a diffuse patchy ischemia throughout the kidney, which persis...