Figure 1: Classical and quantum refrigerators. a) In a macroscopic cooling cycle, a compressor C and and an expansion valve E are used to locally change the pressure of a gas circulating through a closed pipe system. In this way, it is possible to pump heat from a cold to a hot reservoir, both held at constant temperature Tc and Th > Tc, respectively. b) A superconducting qubit driven by a time...

A refrigerator consumes 20~40% of the total electric energy in a house. And most of the electricity in the refrigerator is consumed for operating the compressor. Therefore, developing a high efficiency compressor is necessary to increase the energy efficiency. To increase the efficiency of the linear motor, a new linear motor design with a reduced electrical loss is needed. Also, the loss analy...

A method for mounting a He closed-cycle cryostat which consists of an exchange gas envelope around the cold head to cool an independently supported sample mount as in model DE202 with a DMX-20 interface from APD Cryogenics, Inc. is described. No detectable vibration of the sample mount is observed as evaluated using 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and a piezoelectric accelerometer. Using a 25 ,um t...

To determine whether the potency of botulinum toxin A (BTA) decreases after being reconstituted with normal saline and stored in refrigerator, we injected one side of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle with 2.5 units of botulinum toxin A that had been immediately reconstituted with saline, and the contralateral side with identical material that had been reconstituted and stored in a refrigera...

Freshly prepared mixtures of spotted fever virus and immune rabbit serum in neutral or superneutral proportions confer complete immunity on guinea pigs. The mixtures undergo a considerable loss in immunizing power when heated to 60 degrees C. for 20 minutes, but are still capable, if used in sufficient quantity, of conferring a degree of immunity on the vaccinated animal such that a subsequent ...

Human and rabbit corneas were evaluated for suitability for keratoplasty donor material after storage in moist chambers or soaked in various media. A new chamber was designed which allows corneas to be stored for up to two weeks at ordinary refrigerator temperature. Corneas with scleral rims were placed in the chamber at 4° C. The epithelium faced down into the medium of modified Ringer's or ph...

This commentary reviews recent changes in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) vaccine storage guidelines that were developed in response to an investigative report by the Office of the Inspector General. The use of temperature data loggers with probes residing in glycol vials is advised along with storing vaccines in pharmaceutical refrigerators. These refrigerators provide good thermal distribut...

Thermoacoustic engines (TAEs) are devices which convert heat energy into useful acoustic work whereas thermoacoustic refrigerators (TARs) convert acoustic work into temperature gradient. These devices work without any moving component. Study presented here comprises of a combination system i.e. thermoacoustic engine driven thermoacoustic refrigerator (TADTAR). This system has no moving componen...

Technological developments are currently experiencing very rapid changes along with human needs that increasingly numerous and complex. Not only in the fields of health, education, agriculture, so forth. However, electronics industry has also been affected by development this technology. The production household electronic devices or home appliances combine sophistication technology modern desi...

In order to analyse the possibilities of improving grid stability on island systems by local demand response mechanisms, a multi-agent simulation model is presented. To support the primary reserve, an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) using refrigerator loads is modelled. The model represents the system at multiple scales, by recreating each refrigerator individually, and coupling the whole ...