vesico-ureteral reflux (vur) is presented in approximately %1 of children and is associated with an increased risk of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. despite its prevalence and morbidity, many aspects of vur diagnosis and treatment are controversial. we objectively assessed the published data; the data base for many current diagnoses and treatment patterns of vur is limited. recent studies h...

abstract: autistic child may have a range of problems. failure of understand the meaning of words is the main characteristic of the autistic child. child `s ability to communicate may also be inappropriate. in briefly, the areas of language problems in these children, in other languages, are pragmatic and semantic. because of the difficulties of the working with autistic children, research rela...

the most recent studies have explained almost 2.3 million children are affected with hiv up to the end of 2009. sub-saharan africa is the main region to at least 68% of the global total of hiv infection of 22.5 million. despite providing competent healthcare services to prevent mother-to-child transmission which is the main way of infection to a newborn, an estimated 370,000 children were newly...

Children are among the few social groups that systematically and universally disenfranchised. Although children citizens worthy of equal moral treatment rights, their right to vote is restricted in almost all states, this seen as legitimate by most democratic theories. What particular about childhood justifies restriction vote? How can systems legitimise exclusion a section citizenry? This arti...

Abstract Firms use algorithms to make important business decisions. To date, the algorithmic accountability literature has elided a fundamentally empirical question ethics and management: Under what circumstances, if any, are decision-making systems considered legitimate ? The present study begins answer this question. Using factorial vignette survey methodology, we explore impact of decision i...

introduction: recent investigations have detected the presence of significant levels of heavy metals (chromium, lead and cadmium) in toys and other pvc products manufactured for children. in some countries, addition of compounds containing toxic metals to toys are limited or prohibited. methods: to evaluate the safety of some of the plastic toys in the city of isfahan with respect to toxic trac...

Environmental philosophers spend considerable time drawing the divide between humans and the rest of nature. Some argue that humans and our actions are unnatural. Others allow that humans are natural, but maintain that humans are nevertheless distinct. The motivation for distinguishing humans from the rest of nature is the desire to determine what aspects of the environment should be preserved....