Renal transplant recipients are susceptible to infection by a wide array of pathogens. Impaired inflammatory responses due to immunosuppressive therapies suppress clinical and radiologic findings engendered by microbial invasion. As a result, patients are often minimally symptomatic and evaluation and diagnosis are delayed. Specific microbiologic diagnosis is essential both for the optimization...

The striking emergence of an epidemic of HIV-related renal disease in patients with end-stage renal disease provided the rationale for the exploration of whether HIV-1 directly infects renal parenchymal cells. Renal glomerular and tubular epithelial cells contain HIV-1 mRNA and DNA, indicating infection by HIV-1. In addition, circularized viral DNA, a marker of recent nuclear import of full-len...

Background: Patients with end stage renal disease have higher incidence of infection dis-eases that is thought to be related to impaired immune system. Objective: To determine the antitetanus IgG antibody level in Iranian hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease and to find its association with sex, age, blood hemoglobin, serum albumin, dura-tion of dialysis, time of dialysis per week...

BACKGROUND Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a clinico-pathological syndrome associated with a variety of infections, drugs, and sometimes with unknown causes. It is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent renal impairment, which often times is under-diagnosed. Infection-associated AIN occurs as a consequence of many systemic bacterial, viral, and parasitic infec-tions; h...

Infective mononucleosis is an acute, lymphoproliferative disorder caused by Epstein Barr virus (EBV) seen most commonly in children and young adults. Clinical presentation of the disease is characterized by fever, tonsillopharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly; whereas serological findings of this benign disorder include positive heterophilic antibody formation (transient increase in ...

glucoronoxylomannan (gxm) is the most important compound of polysaccharide capsule in cryptococcus neoformans that causes infection in its recognition as a foreign agent by immune system. because of its similarity with some naural compounds such as heparin and hyaloronic acid, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of polysaccharide compounds on blood coagulative process and renal pe...

Background: Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is a major public health problem with a reported incidence of 3 -4 million cases per year. Renal injury secondary to HCV was initially observed in autopsy studies and later in kidney biopsies. Several types of renal disease have been recognized in association with HCV patients. Objectives: Characterize the type of renal disease found in HCV -infecte...

BACKGROUND The average prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in renal transplant recipients is 10%. Studies of these patients with HCV infection usually focuses on long-term graft survival and patient survival. Studies of the correlation between HCV infection and bone mineral density (BMD) in renal transplant patients are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HCV i...

Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungi and has recently become the most common and widely distributed dermatophyte, isolated of man. The infection usually present as superficial scaling annular patches, but the lesions may involved the extensive area of skin.  A case of multiple cutaneous lesions due to T.rubrum with scaling annular patches and well marginated in much of the skin and in...