A population with u deleterious mutations per genome per generation is considered in which only those individuals that carry less than a critical number k of mutations are viable. Besides a large number of loci subject to mutation and selection, the genome contains one or two special loci responsible for the mode of reproduction. Amphimixis vs. apomixis and amphimixis vs. selfing are considered...

in this paper we consider the non-preemptive variant of a multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (mrcpsp) with mode identity, in which a set of project activities is partitioned into disjoint subsets while all activities forming one subset have to be processed in the same mode. we present a depth-first branch and bound algorithm for the resource constrained project schedulin...

Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today (350 million people at risk, 12 million infected, and 2 million new infections per year). Despite the considerable progress in cellular and molecular biology and in evolutionary genetics since 1990, the debate on the population structure and reproductive mode of Leishmania is far from being settled and therefore deserves further investiga...

A new gall wasp species, Dryocosmus zhuili Liu et Zhu, is herein described from the southeastern Fujian province of China. The new species induces galls on trees of Henry's chestnut, Castanea henryi, which is also a native host for the notorious Oriental chestnut gall wasp (OCGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu). D. zhuili overlaps with OCGW in emergence time and induces galls morphologically s...

Detailed reproductive data are now available for 210 of the ca 600 identified scleractinian reef coral species. The majonty (131 species) are hermaphroditic broadcast spawners, although hermaphroditic brooders (1 1 species), gonochoristic broadcasters (37 species), and gonochoristic brooders (7 species) have also been reported. Characteristics of sexuality and mode of reproduction are generally...

Most macroevolutionary events are correlated with changes in the environment, but more rigorous evidence of cause and effect has been elusive. We compiled a 10 Myr record of origination and extinction, changes in mode of reproduction, morphologies and abundances of cupuladriid bryozoan species, spanning the time when primary productivity collapsed in the southwestern Caribbean as the Isthmus of...

We report on a case of parthenogenesis in the varanid lizard Varanus panoptes. Parthenogenesis was observed in a female kept alone for three years. A clutch was deposited from which a single egg could be secured and incubated. Incubation was successful and a male specimen hatched. Obviously the newborn was produced without contribution of a father. After the unisexual reproduction, the mother w...

Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We present results of phylogenetically extended searches for homologs of two proteins func...

The planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis reproduces both asexually and sexually, and can switch from one mode of reproduction to the other. We recently developed a method for experimentally switching reproduction of the planarian from the asexual to the sexual mode. We constructed a cDNA library from sexualized D. ryukyuensis and sequenced and analyzed 8,988 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The ESTs we...

Strain typing of medically important fungi and fungal population genetics have been stimulated by new methods of tapping DNA variation. The aim of this contribution is to show how awareness of fungal population genetics can increase the utility of strain typing to better serve the interests of medical mycology. Knowing two basic features of fungal population biology, the mode of reproduction an...